Table 4.

Outcome measures across time between the intervention and control groups

	Control	Intervention	P values	Effect size (95% CI)*
Among all children (n=208)
Children’s Emotional Manifestation Scale (range: 5–25)	(n=105)	(n=103)
T2 (during CR procedure)†	9.8 (3.9)	7.6 (2.4)	<0.001‡	0.69 (0.41 to 0.69)
Heart rate (per minute)
T1 (before CR procedure)	87.6 (14.2)	86.7 (13.6)
T2 (during CR procedure)	96.0 (16.2)	89.3 (15.5)	0.008§	0.36 (0.09 to 0.64)¶
T3 (after CR procedure)	93.7 (14.9)	88.8 (15.6)	0.070§	0.25 (−0.02 to 0.52)¶
Parent satisfaction score (range: 10–50)
T3 (after CR procedure)	42.6 (6.9)	46.6 (5.1)	<0.001‡	0.65 (0.38 to 0.93)
CR technician satisfaction score (range: 8–40)
T3 (after CR procedure)	31.7 (4.3)	34.3 (3.6)	<0.001‡	0.66 (0.38 to 0.94)
Duration of procedure (min)	4.6 (2.2)	4.1 (2.3)	0.072‡	0.25 (−0.02 to 0.52)

Data of variables marked with † are presented as median (IQR), otherwise as mean (SD).

*Cohen’s d effect size.

†Nature log-transformed before subjected to independent t-test.

‡Independent t-test.

§P value testing for differential change at the underlying time point with respect to T1 by using GEE model.

¶The Cohen’s d effect size corresponds to the standardised mean difference of the mean changes at the underlying time point with respect to T1 between the intervention and control groups.

CR, cast removal; GEE, generalised estimating equation.