Table 1. Description of study provinces.

Province	Administrative divisions	Geography	Population in 2015 from census records	Area (km2)	Population density in 2015 (/km2)
Nueva Vizcaya	275 barangays in 15 municipalities, no highly urbanized cities	Mountainous, mostly rural	452,287	3,975.67	110
Palawan	433 barangays in 23 municipalities and 1 highly urbanized city	Island, mostly rural	1,104,585	17,030.75	65
Tarlac	511 barangays in 17 municipalities and 1 highly urbanized city	75% Lowland, urban and rural	1,366,027	3,053.60	450