(A) qRT-PCR analysis of Pks1 and Pks2 expression during conidiation and cuticle penetration in seven Metarhizium species. Gene expression during conidiation (five days after inoculation of conidia on PDA) was calculated relative to that in non-conidiating mycelia (two days after fungal inoculation), which is set to 1. For cuticle penetration, gene expression on a locust cuticle was calculated relative to that in mycelia grown in the nutrient-rich SDY medium, which is set to 1. qRT-PCR analysis of the expression level of M. robertsii’s Pks1 (B) and Pks2 (C) in the WT, in ΔMr-OPY2 (a membrane protein), and in the three MAPK mutants (ΔMero-Hog1, ΔMero-Fus3 and ΔMero-Slt2) during cuticle penetration. The expression level in the WT is set to 1. Data are expressed as mean ± SE. Values with different letters are significantly different (n = 3, P < 0.05, Tukey’s test in a one-way ANOVA). All assays were repeated three times with three replicates per repeat.