Table 3.
Adjusted Odds Ratio Estimates for Child Phenotype Associated with Maternal Exposure to Cigarette Smokinga or Alcohol,b National Birth Defects Prevention Study 1997–2003
| EA ± TEF |
||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Controls |
All |
Isolated |
Multiple |
Controlsc |
VATER |
|||||||||
| Exposure | N | N | OR | 95% CI | N | OR | 95% CI | N | OR | 95% CI | N | N | OR | 95% CI |
| Cigarette smokingd | ||||||||||||||
| None | 3,234 | 222 | ref | 96 | ref | 94 | ref | 3,010 | 32 | ref | ||||
| Any periconceptional exposure | 1,718 | 112 | 1.1 | 0.8, 1.6 | 42 | 0.9 | 0.5, 1.5 | 48 | 1.1 | 0.7, 1.8 | 1,649 | 22 | 1.8 | 0.9, 3.6 |
| Type of exposured | ||||||||||||||
| Active only | 349 | 22 | 1.5 | 0.7, 3.1 | 9 | 0.3 | 0.1, 1.6 | 5 | 1.4 | 0.4, 4.4 | 331 | 8 | 8.0 | 2.2, 28.6 |
| Passive only | 758 | 48 | 1.1 | 0.7, 1.5 | 18 | 1.1 | 0.6, 1.8 | 22 | 1.0 | 0.6, 1.7 | 732 | 8 | 1.2 | 0.5, 2.7 |
| Active + passive | 611 | 42 | 1.9 | 0.9, 4.1 | 15 | 0.3 | 0.1, 1.4 | 21 | 4.3 | 1.5, 12.3 | 586 | 6 | 5.1 | 1.1, 23.1 |
| Cigarettes/daye | ||||||||||||||
| No active smoking | 4,004 | 270 | ref | 114 | ref | 116 | ref | 3,754 | 40 | ref | ||||
| 1–14 | 658 | 45 | 1.6 | 0.8, 3.2 | 17 | 0.3 | 0.1, 1.4 | 18 | 2.3 | 0.9, 6.2 | 631 | 10 | 7.0 | 2.1, 23.8 |
| ≥15 | 301 | 19 | 1.4 | 0.6, 3.5 | 7 | 0.1 | 0.02, 0.9 | 8 | 2.7 | 0.7, 9.9 | 286 | 4 | nc | |
| Alcohola,f | ||||||||||||||
| None | 3,071 | 186 | ref | 77 | ref | 83 | ref | 2,836 | 26 | ref | ||||
| Any periconceptional exposure | 1,857 | 145 | 1.2 | 0.8, 1.8 | 59 | 1.2 | 0.6, 2.2 | 58 | 1.1 | 0.6, 2.0 | 1,798 | 28 | 1.5 | 0.6, 3.9 |
| Drinks/monthf | ||||||||||||||
| 1–15 | 1,461 | 111 | 1.2 | 0.8, 1.8 | 45 | 1.2 | 0.6, 2.2 | 49 | 1.1 | 0.6, 2.0 | 1,414 | 17 | 1.4 | 0.5, 3.7 |
| 16–30 | 250 | 20 | 1.3 | 0.7, 2.5 | 7 | 1.1 | 0.4, 3.1 | 5 | 0.7 | 0.2, 2.2 | 242 | 8 | 4.1 | 1.1, 14.8 |
| >30 | 134 | 14 | 1.8 | 0.8, 3.7 | 7 | 2.1 | 0.7, 6.1 | 4 | nc | 131 | 3 | nc | ||
| Binge episodesf | ||||||||||||||
| Drinking, no binge episodes | 1,433 | 112 | 1.2 | 0.8, 1.8 | 46 | 1.1 | 0.6, 2.1 | 47 | 1.1 | 0.6, 2.1 | 1,388 | 19 | 1.3 | 0.5, 3.5 |
| Drinking , ≥1 binge episodes | 407 | 32 | 1.4 | 0.8, 2.3 | 13 | 1.4 | 0.6, 3.2 | 10 | 0.9 | 0.4, 2.3 | 395 | 9 | 2.5 | 0.8, 7.8 |
| Type(s) of alcoholf | ||||||||||||||
| Beer only | 391 | 23 | 1.0 | 0.6, 1.7 | 11 | 1.1 | 0.5, 2.6 | 7 | 0.7 | 0.3, 1.8 | 382 | 5 | 1.6 | 0.5, 5.3 |
| Wine only | 513 | 52 | 1.3 | 0.8, 2.1 | 21 | 1.3 | 0.6, 2.6 | 23 | 1.3 | 0.6, 2.7 | 494 | 8 | 1.3 | 0.4, 4.1 |
| Distilled spirits only | 311 | 24 | 1.3 | 0.8, 2.3 | 9 | 1.3 | 0.6, 3.0 | 9 | 1.2 | 0.5, 2.7 | 300 | 6 | 1.8 | 0.5, 6.1 |
| Two or more types | 640 | 46 | 1.1 | 0.7, 1.8 | 18 | 1.0 | 0.5, 2.1 | 19 | 1.1 | 0.5, 2.4 | 620 | 9 | 1.4 | 0.5, 4.5 |
Ref, reference; nc, not calculated; EA ± TEF, esophageal atresia with or without tracheo-esophageal fistula; VATER, vertebral anomalies, anorectal atresia, tracheo-esophageal fistula, esophageal atresia, renal anomalies; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.
Missing or incomplete data for cigarette smoking distributed as follows: controls = 15.
Missing or incomplete data for alcohol distributed as follows: cases = 3; controls = 39.
No mothers of VATER cases interviewed by NC or UT centers; thus control subjects excluded from analyses for these centers.
Adjusted for plurality, maternal age, race and ethnicity, education, pre-pregnancy diabetes, infertility treatments, alcohol consumption (yes/no), duration of cigarette smoking, and study center.
Adjusted for plurality, maternal age, race and ethnicity, education, pre-pregnancy diabetes, infertility treatments, passive cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption (yes/no), duration of cigarette smoking, and study center.
Adjusted for plurality, maternal age, race and ethnicity, education, pre-pregnancy diabetes, infertility treatments, cigarette smoking (yes/no), duration of alcohol consumption, and study center.