Table 4.

Adjusted Odds Ratio Estimates for Child Phenotype Associated with Maternal Exposure to Both Cigarette Smoking^a and Alcohol,^b National Birth Defects Prevention Study 1997–2003

		EA ± TEF
		Controls	All			Isolated			Multiple			Controlsc	VATER
Exposure		N	N	OR	95% CI	N	OR	95% CI	N	OR	95% CI	N	N	OR	95% CI
Alcohol	Cigarette smokingd
No	No	2,151	131		ref	56		ref	56		ref		19		ref
	Yes	909	55	1.2	0.8, 1.7	21	1.0	0.6, 1.9	27	1.2	0.7, 2.2	867	7	1.1	0.4, 2.9
Yes	No	1,068	89	1.2	0.8, 1.9	39	1.3	0.7, 2.5	37	1.2	0.6, 2.3	1,035	13	1.0	0.4, 3.0
	Yes	786	56	1.3	0.8, 2.2	20	1.0	0.4, 2.2	21	1.1	0.5, 2.6	760	15	2.9	1.0, 8.9
	Type of exposured
No	Active only	135	9	2.1	0.8, 5.3	4	0.5	0.1, 3.1	2		nc	126	3		nc
	Passive only	509	31	1.1	0.7, 1.7	10	1.0	0.5, 2.0	18	1.4	0.8, 2.4	488	3		nc
	Active + passive	265	15	1.8	0.7, 4.5	7	0.3	0.1, 2.2	7	3.3	0.9, 11.6	253	1		nc
Yes	Active only	206	13	1.6	0.7, 3.6	5	0.4	0.1, 2.2	3		nc	197	5	6.4	1.5, 26.5
	Passive only	247	17	1.3	0.7, 2.2	8	1.7	0.8, 3.7	4		nc	242	5	2.2	0.8, 6.3
	Active + passive	333	26	2.5	1.1, 5.6	7	0.4	0.1, 2.1	14	4.9	1.7, 14.2	321	5	7.1	1.5, 33.8
	Cigarettes/daye
No	1–14	278	15	1.3	0.5, 3.4	9	0.5	0.1, 3.0	4		nc	263	2		nc
	≥15	123	9	1.6	0.5, 5.1	2		nc	5	1.8	0.3, 9.4	117	2		nc
Yes	1–14	369	30	1.8	0.9, 3.9	8	0.4	0.1, 2.0	14	1.5	0.4, 4.8	357	8	10.7	2.8, 41.4
	≥15	168	9	1.3	0.4, 3.7	4		nc	3		nc	160	2		nc
Cigarette smoking	Alcohol Drinks/monthf
No	1–15	903	76	1.3	0.9, 2.1	35	1.4	0.7, 2.8	34	1.3	0.7, 2.5	873	7	0.8	0.3, 2.6
	16–30	123	10	1.3	0.6, 3.1	3		nc	3		nc	121	4		nc
	>30	40	3		nc	1	nc		0		nc	39	2		nc
Yes	1–15	555	35	1.1	0.7, 1.9	10	0.8	0.3, 1.8	15	1.0	0.4, 2.2	538	10	2.7	0.9, 8.0
	16–30	127	10	1.4	0.6, 3.2	4		nc	2		nc	121	4		nc
	>30	94	11	2.3	1.0, 5.1	6	2.8	0.9, 8.8	4		nc	92	1		nc
	Binge episodesf
No	None	929	75	1.2	0.7, 1.8	34	1.3	0.6, 2.5	32	1.1	0.6, 2.3	898	9	0.8	0.2, 2.4
	1 or more	133	13	1.7	0.9, 3.5	5	1.5	0.5, 4.5	4		nc	132	4		nc
Yes	None	501	37	1.2	0.7, 2.1	12	0.9	0.4, 2.2	15	1.1	0.5, 2.5	487	10	2.6	0.8, 7.9
	1 or more	274	19	1.3	0.6, 2.3	8	1.2	0.5, 3.3	6	1.1	0.7, 1.9	263	5	2.7	0.7, 10.5
	Type(s) of alcoholf
No	Beer only	186	11	1.0	0.5, 2.1	5	1.0	0.4, 2.9	5	1.1	0.4, 3.0	181	1		nc
	Wine only	376	41	1.3	0.8, 2.3	18	1.4	0.7, 3.1	17	1.3	0.6, 2.8	361	6	1.1	0.3, 4.1
	Distilled spirits only	151	12	1.4	0.7, 2.8	5	1.5	0.5, 4.2	5	1.5	0.5, 4.0	146	2		nc
	Two or more types	353	25	1.1	0.6, 1.9	11	1.0	0.4, 2.5	10	1.1	0.4, 2.7	345	4		nc
Yes	Beer only	205	12	1.1	0.5, 2.1	6	1.2	0.4, 3.4	2		nc	201	4	3.0	0.8, 11.7
	Wine only	136	11	1.2	0.6, 2.6	3	0.8	0.2, 3.0	6	1.5	0.5, 4.4	132	2		nc
	Distilled spirits only	159	12	1.3	0.7, 2.7	4	1.1	0.3, 3.4	4	1.0	0.3, 3.2	153	4	3.3	0.8, 13.1
	Two or more types	286	21	1.2	0.6, 2.2	7	0.9	0.3, 2.4	9	1.2	0.5, 3.2	274	5	2.3	0.6, 8.7

Ref, reference; nc, not calculated; EA ± TEF, esophageal atresia with or without tracheo-esophageal fistula; VATER, vertebral anomalies, anorectal atresia, tracheo-esophageal fistula, esophageal atresia, renal anomalies; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.

^aMissing or incomplete data for cigarette smoking distributed as follows: cases = 3; controls = 53.

^bMissing or incomplete data for alcohol distributed as follows: cases = 3; controls = 65.

^cNo VATER cases ascertained by NC or UT centers; thus control subjects excluded from analyses for these centers.

^dAdjusted for plurality, maternal age, race and ethnicity, education, pre-pregnancy diabetes, infertility treatments, duration of cigarette smoking, and study center.

^eAdjusted for plurality, maternal age, race and ethnicity, education, pre-pregnancy diabetes, infertility treatments, duration of alcohol exposure, passive smoking (yes/no), and study center.

^fAdjusted for plurality, maternal age, race and ethnicity, education, pre-pregnancy diabetes, infertility treatments, duration of alcohol consumption, and study center.