Table 2.
Characteristics of included studies
| Author | Year | Measures | N | Study type | Cue type | Clinical | BMI | Restraint | Gender | Age | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Batra† | 2013 | Behavioral | 95 | TC | Real food | No | OW/OB | — | Mixed | Adult | Weight |
| Birch* | 1989 | Behavioral | 29 | CC | Other | No | — | — | Mixed | Children | Eating |
| Boutelle | 2014 | Behavioral | 15 | CC | Other | No | OW | — | Mixed | Children | Eating |
| Buckland* | 2013a | Behavioral | 21 | CC | Olfactory | No | Lean/OW | Both | Female | Adult | Eating |
| Buckland* | 2013b | Behavioral | 13 | TC | Real food | No | Lean/OW | Both | Female | Adult | Eating |
| Buijzen† | 2008 | Behavioral | 234 | CC | Visual | No | — | — | Mixed | Children | Eating |
| Coehlo, Ilder | 2011 | Behavioral | 58 | CC | Olfactory | No | Lean/OW | Both | Female | Adult | Eating |
| Coehlo, Jansen* | 2009 | Behavioral | 48 | CC | Real food | No | Lean/OW | Both | Female | Adult | Eating |
| Coehlo, Polivy* | 2009 | Behavioral | 104 | CC | Olfactory | No | Lean/OW | Both | Female | Adult | Eating |
| Cornell* | 1989 | Behavioral | 52 | CC/CIC | Real food | No | Lean/OW | Yes | Mixed | Adult | Eating |
| Cushing | 2014 | Behavioral | 16 | TC | — | Bariatric | OW/OB | — | Mixed | Children | Weight |
| Demos | 2012 | fMRI | 48 | CR | Visual | No | Lean/OW | — | Female | Adult | Weight |
| Fedoroff* | 1997 | Behavioral | 91 | CIC | Olfactory | No | — | Both | Female | Adult | Eating |
| Fedoroff† | 2003 | Behavioral | 132 | CIC | Olfactory | No | — | Both | Female | Adult | Eating |
| Ferriday | 2008 | Behavioral | 50 | CC | Real food | No | Lean/OW | Both | Female | Adult | Eating |
| Folkvord | 2013 | Behavioral | 270 | CC | Visual | No | Lean/OW | — | Mixed | Children | Eating |
| Folkvord | 2014 | Behavioral | 261 | CC | Visual | No | Lean | — | Mixed | Children | Eating |
| Gilhooly† | 2007 | Behavioral | 32 | TC | — | No | OW | Both | Female | Adult | Weight |
| Halford, Boyland* | 2007 | Behavioral | 93 | CC | Real food | No | Lean/OW/OB | — | Mixed | Adult | Eating |
| Halford, Gillespie* | 2004 | Behavioral | 42 | CC/CR | Visual | No | Lean/OW/OB | — | Mixed | Children | Eating |
| Harris | 2012 | Behavioral | 152 | CC | Visual | No | — | — | Mixed | Children | Eating |
| Jakubowicz† | 2012 | Behavioral | 193 | TC | Real food | No | OW/OB | — | Mixed | Children | Weight |
| Jansen, Nederkoorn, Roefs* | 2011 | Behavioral | 58 | CC | Real food | No | — | Yes | Mixed | Adult | Eating |
| Jansen, Nederkoorn, van Baak* | 2009 | Behavioral | 12 | CC | Real food | No | Lean/OW | Yes | Female | Adult | Eating |
| Jansen, Theunissen* | 2003 | Behavioral | 16 | CR | Real food | No | Lean/OW | — | Mixed | Children | Eating |
| Jansen and van den Hout* | 1991 | Behavioral | 19 | CC | Real food | No | — | Both | Female | Adult | Eating |
| Jansen, Vanreyten* | 2008 | Behavioral | 91 | CC | Real food | No | Lean/OW | — | Female | Adult | Eating |
| Lambert* | 1991 | Behavioral | 23 | CC | Visual/Real | No | — | No | Mixed | Adult | Eating |
| Larsen | 2012 | Behavioral | 109 | CC | Olfactory | No | Lean | Both | Female | Adult | Eating |
| Lawrence† | 2012 | fMRI | 25 | CR | Visual | No | Lean/OW | — | Female | Adult | Eating |
| Lopez* | 2014 | fMRI | 31 | CR/CIC | Visual | No | — | Both | Female | Adult | Eating |
| Martin† | 2008 | Behavioral | 91 | TC | Real food | No | OW/OB | — | Mixed | Adult | Eating |
| Mehta† | 2012 | fMRI | 23 | CR | Visual | No | Lean/OW/OB | — | Mixed | Adult | Eating |
| Murdaugh | 2012 | fMRI | 25 | CR | Visual | No | OW/OB | — | Mixed | Adult | Weight |
| Nederkoorn | 2002 | Behavioral | 44 | CR | Real food | Both | Lean | Both | Female | Adult | Eating |
| Nederkoorn, Jansen | 2000 | Behavioral | 24 | CR/CIC | Real food | No | Lean/OW | No | Female | Adult | Eating |
| Nederkoorn, Smulders* | 2004 | Behavioral | 72 | CR/CIC | Real food | Both | Lean | — | Female | Adult | Eating |
| Ng* | 2013 | Behavioral | 50 | CIC | Real food | Both | OW/OB | — | Female | Adult | Eating |
| Overduin | 1997 | Behavioral | 20 | CC | Other | No | Lean | — | Mixed | Adult | Eating |
| Rogers* | 1989 | Behavioral | 12 | CR | Visual | No | Lean | Both | Female | Adult | Eating |
| van den Akker | 2013 | Behavioral | 70 | CC | Other | No | Lean | No | Female | Adult | Eating |
| Vogele and Florin* | 1996 | Behavioral | 60 | CR/CIC | Real food | Both | Lean/OW | Both | Mixed | Adult | Eating |
| Wonderlich-Tierney | 2013 | Behavioral | 83 | CC | Visual | No | Lean/OW | — | Mixed | Adult | Eating |
| Yokum | 2014 | fMRI | 24 | CR | Visual | No | Lean/OW/OB | — | Mixed | Children | Weight |
| Zoon | 2014 | Behavioral | 50 | CC | Olfactory | No | Lean/OW | Both | Female | Adult | Eating |
*
studies that contributed multiple independent, nested effect sizes;
†
studies that contributed multiple effect sizes and were averaged to adjust for non-independence.
CC, cue condition studies (reported outcomes after exposing participants to food-related cues compared with a control condition); CR, cue reactivity studies (reported statistical relationships between physiological reactivity (e.g. heart rate, gastric activity and salivation) or neural activity in response to food cues and outcomes); CIC, cue-induced craving studies (reported relationships between self-reported craving in response to food cues and outcomes); TC , tonic craving studies (measured craving in the absence of cues and reported its relationship with outcomes); OW, overweight; OB, obese.