Fig. 1.

The predicted drug-disease network. The high-confidence predicted drug-disease association network connects 22 types of cardiovascular disease (outcomes) (red circles) and 431 FDA-approved non-cardiac drugs. The edges between drugs and diseases are weighted and highlighted by different color representing the calculated z-score (Supplementary Data 2 and Methods section). Four selected drug-disease pairs, including carbamazepine-coronary artery disease (CAD) with z = −2.36, hydroxychloroquine-CAD (z = −3.85), mesalamine-CAD (z = −6.10), and lithium-stroke (z = −5.97), tested in patient data (Figs. 2 and 3), are highlighted. Drugs are colored by the first-level anatomical therapeutic chemical (ATC) classification system codes. The node size scales indicate the degree (connectivity) of nodes in the network