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. 2018 Jul 12;8:10520. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-28484-w

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(A–E) Right eye of a 68-year-old male with pachychoroid neovasculopathy (PNV). (A) Colour fundus photography revealed subretinal haemorrhage, serous retinal detachment (SRD) and absence of drusen. (B) Optical coherence tomography (OCT) along the white lines demonstrated type-1 choroidal neovascularization (CNV) with SRD. There is thickening of the choroid, with largely dilated choroidal vessels (asterisks) beneath the type-1 CNV. The subfoveal choroidal thickness was 654 µm (double-headed arrow). (C) Fundus autofluorescence (FAF) imaging showed a descending tract and granular hypoautofluorescent regions (arrows) in the maculae. (D) Indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) in the early phase revealed CNV and dilated choroidal vessels. (E) ICGA in the late phase revealed multifocal area of choroidal vascular hyperpermeability (CVH; arrows). (F–J) Left eye of a 77-year-old male with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD). (F) Colour fundus photography revealed SRD with soft drusen. (G) OCT along the white lines demonstrated type-1 CNV with SRD. The subfoveal choroidal thickness was 124 µm (double-headed arrow). (H) FAF imaging showed only the hypoautofluorescent region corresponding to a type-1 CNV lesion. (I) Fluorescein angiography revealed granular leakage of the dye in the maculae. (J) ICGA revealed well-defined plaque CNV in the late phase.