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. 2018 Jul 12;8:10503. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-28963-0

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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3D simulation of a cell cluster formation at the core of a senescent cell. 1s is equivalent as one Monte Carlo step. The black and brown arrows mark the positions of two single (separated) daughter cells from t = 2000 s up to t = 5800 s. Similarly, the green arrow-heads mark the position of one ‘dumbbell’ (a pair of daughter cells) from t = 7800 s up to t = 8200 s. The marked daughter cells migrate towards the core to form a 3D cluster (see Supplementary Video S3). The grid size is 200 × 200 × 50 μm², and periodic boundary conditions are applied at all boundaries except for the top and the bottom. Non-senescent cells replicate with a period τ_r = 5000 ± 1000 s (mean ± sd). The following color code scheme is used: senescent cell (core: dark red, body: light red); first generation tumor cells (green), replicated tumor cells (blue). p = 2 μm⁻³s⁻¹, d = 0.02 s⁻¹ and D = 2 μm²s⁻¹. The rest of parameter values are given in Methods.