Table 7A.

Example welfare/behavioral criteria for assessment of stress: some key signs: invertebrates.

Behavioral sign	Cause/Problem
Lethargy	1, 6
Hyperactivity	1, 5
Release of urticating hairs (some tarantulas)	1, 3
Aggression	1, 3
Anorexia/reduced response to food/refusal to feed	1, 3

Derived from reviewed literature (1, 8, 44, 57, 79, 81, 115, 116).

Cause/problem keys:

¹Overly restrictive/incorrect environment/inability to hide/retreat. ²Co-occupant aggression/harassment. ³Fear/defense. ⁴Pain/trauma/disease. ⁵Environmental stressor e.g., hyperthermia. ⁶Environmental stressor e.g., hypothermia. ⁷Environmental stressor e.g., hypoxia. ⁸Hunger. ⁹Environmental stressor e.g., incorrect humidity. ¹⁰Excessive handling. ¹¹Learned helplessness' (includes apparently normal behaviors in highly adverse conditions). ¹²Under-stimulation.