| SSC GENE CANDIDATES |
Abbreviation |
BP Size |
Publis hed function |
Refs |
| G protein coupled receptor 125 |
GPR125 |
136BPS |
Canidate marker for human and mouse SSCs. Multiple functions in different tissues. |
[32, 61] |
| GDNF family receptor 1 alpha |
GFR1a |
163BPS |
Canidate marker for human and mouse SSCs. |
[32, 61] |
| Stage-specific antibody-4 |
SSEA-4 |
359nps |
Expressed in specific cells of the seminiferous basal membrane. Canidate marker for human and mouse SSCs. |
[47, 48, 51] |
| hESC GENES |
Abbreviation |
BP Size |
Published function |
Refs |
| SRY (Sex Determining Region Y)-Box 2 |
SOX2 |
153bps |
Transcriptional regulator of somatic cell reprogramming; helps maintain pluripotency. |
[21, 62-64] |
| Octamer-Binding Transcription Factor 3/4 |
OCT3/4 |
117bps |
Plays the central role in pluripotency. |
[21, 65, 66] |
| LIN28 Homolog A |
LIN 28A |
128bps |
Regulates sternness and self renewal capacity in human and mouse pluripotent stem cells. |
[21, 67, 68] |
| Homeobox Transcription Factor Nanog |
NANOG |
200bps |
Required for final states of pluripotency. |
[69, 70] |
| Kruppel-like factor 4 |
KLF-4 |
143 bps |
Essential for ESC maintenance and self-renewal capacity. |
[21, 71, 72] |
| Cluster of differentiation 73 |
CD73 |
219bps |
Essential stemness marker for human somatic cells. |
[34] |
| EARLY CARDIAC GENES |
Abbreviation |
BP Size |
Published function |
Refs |
| Activated Leukocyte Cell Adhesion Molecule |
ALCAM |
388bps |
Surface marker for early cardiomyocytes |
[73] |
| Cardiac Helicase Activated MEF2C protein |
CHAMP |
200bps |
Cardiac transcription factor expressed specifically in postnatal and embryonic cardiomyocytes. |
[40] |
| T-Box Transcription Factor 18 |
TBX18 |
112bps |
It is critical for early sino atrial node (SAN) specification (pacemaker cells). |
[74] |
| DIFFERENTIATED CARDIAC GENES |
Abbreviation |
BP Size |
Published function |
Refs |
| Atrial Natriuretic Peptide |
ANP |
204bps |
Cardiac hormone that regulates blood pressure, vasodilation, natriuresis, and diuresis. |
[75] |
| NK2 homeobox 5 |
NKX2.5 |
215bps |
Cardiac transcription factor responsible for heart formation and development. |
[76] |
| Cardiac Troponin-I |
CTNI |
335bps |
Key regulatory protein associated with the thin filament, inhibits actomyosin interactions at diastolic levels of intracellular Ca2+. |
[77] |
| Cardiac Troponin-T |
CTNT |
217bps |
Fixation of troponin complex on the actin filament and also participitates in muscle contraction |
[78] |
| Myosin heavy chain |
MHC |
542bps |
Molecular motor of the heart that generates motion by coupling its ATPase activity to its cyclic interaction with actin. |
[26, 79] |
| Myosin light chain 2A |
MLC2A |
270bps |
Atrial marker expressed during devlopment and adulthood. Also regulates heart contraction along with MLC 2V. |
[80, 81] |
| Myosin light chain 2V |
MLC2V |
380bps |
Ventricular marker during human heart development and in adulthood |
[80, 81] |
| Myocyte Enhancer Factor 2C |
ISL-1 |
127bps |
a LIM homeodomain transcription factor expressed in majority of cells in both right ventricle and atria of the heart. ISL1 is also responsible for survival, proliferation, and migration of cardiac progenitor cells. |
[82-84] |
| PARACRINE FACTORS |
Abbreviation |
BP Size |
Published function |
Refs |
| Vascular Endothelial growth factor-A |
VEGFA |
280bps |
Promotes vasculo-and angiogenesis in myocardium and cardiomyocyte proliferation. Also helps regenerates mycoardium. |
[1, 11, 39, 85, 86] |
| Insulin-like growth factor |
IGF-1 |
372bps |
Switch macrophages from pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory phenotype both in vitro and vivo. Also promotes resident stem mobilization and cardiac lineage commitment. |
[1, 11, 39, 85, 86] |
| Stromal derived factor-1 |
SDF-1 |
250bps |
Promotes repair and regeneration by recruiting circulating progenitor cells to the injured site. Also secreted by cardiac stem cells. |
[1, 11, 39, 85, 86] |
| Connective tiddue growth factor |
CTGF |
237bps |
Acts as a cofactor for other growth factor that promotes fibrosis and wound healing by enhancing ECM protein synthesis. |
[1, 11, 39, 85, 86] |
| Endothelin-1 |
END-1 |
270bps |
Vasoactive peptide secreted by the endothelium required for cardiomyocyte survival. It decreases susceptibility to TNF-mediated apoptosis; secreted from cardiomyocytes under mechanical stress. |
[1, 11, 39, 85, 86] |
| Angio-associated migratory protein |
AAMP |
283bps |
Associated with angiogenesis, endothelial tube formation, and migration of endothelial cells. It may also regulate smooth muscle cell migration via the RhoA pathway. |
[1, 11, 39, 85, 86] |
| Neuregulin-1 |
NRG-1 |
203bps |
Activates ErbB2 receptor present on differentiated cardiomyocytes and promotes cardiomyocyte proliferation. |
[1, 11, 39, 85, 86] |
| Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase |
IDO |
222 bps |
Inhibits T-cell and NK cell proliferation, cytotoxicity, cytokine production; also mediates T-cell apoptosis. |
[1, 11, 39, 85, 86] |
| TERATOMA GENES |
Abbreviation |
BP Size |
Published Function |
Refs |
| Dead end gene |
DND1 |
271 bps |
It is an RNA-binding protein that suppresses teratoma growth |
[38] |
| P18 Cyclin dependent kinase Inhibitor |
p18 INK4C CDKI |
270 bps |
It is responsible for growth of EBs and is known as a suppressor of teratoma formation. Also a negative regulator of cell cycle. |
[37,38] |
| P19 Cyclin dependent kinase Inhibitor |
P19 CDKI |
441 bps |
Negative regulator of cell cycle and a suppressor of teratoma formation |
[37,38] |
