Table 1.

How the infrastructure of musical rhythm processing is influenced by ADHD and musical expertise.

	Cognitive function	Sensorimotor timing	Rhythm perception	Neural dynamics	Neural pathways	Neuromodulatory systems
ADHD	Deficits in attention, inhibitory control, working memory.	Increased motor timing variability, linked to poor inhibitory control.	Difficulties with beat perception and duration estimation.	Abnormal patterns of oscillatory activity across multiple frequency bands.	Decreased volumes in frontal, parietal and motor regions, including cerebellum and basal ganglia. Decreased connectivity within motor and cognitive control networks.	Disrupted dopaminergic signaling, linked to genetic variation in dopamine receptors and transporters.
Musicians	Enhanced attention, inhibitory control, working memory.	More consistent sensorimotor timing, correlated with enhanced inhibitory control.	Improved accuracy in beat perception and duration discrimination tasks.	Functional changes in oscillatory activity linked to music training, including increased coherence between frequencies.	Increased cerebellar and basal ganglia volumes. Increased connectivity within motor and cognitive control networks.	Preliminary evidence for increased dopamine receptor expression in musicians (potentially indicating genetic predisposition to music).