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. 2018 Jul 6;9:1525. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01525

Figure 6.

Figure 6

The therapeutic effect of butyrate is mediated via IL-10. (A) Confocal microscopy of cryosections of the spleens of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice stained for CD4 and IL-10 (original magnification, 400×). Numbers of positive cells are shown (n = 3). (B) IL-10 messenger RNA level in the spleens of CIA-induced DBA/1J mice as determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. (C) CII-injected IL-10-KO mice were administered 100 mg/kg butyrate intraperitoneally three times per week 3 days after secondary immunization (n = 3). The clinical score (upper panel) and incidence (lower panel) of arthritis are shown. (D) Serum concentrations of the CII-specific total IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG3 levels of CIA-induced IL-10-KO mice. (E) Flow cytometry analysis of the TH1, TH2, TH17, and Treg cell populations in peripheral blood (upper panel) or splenocytes (lower panel) from CIA-induced IL-10-KO mice. (F) Bone marrow cells of CII-injected IL-10-KO mice were isolated and differentiated into osteoclasts (n = 3). After 5 days, the cells were stained for tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) expression; representative photographs are shown (original magnification, 100×). The number of multinucleated TRAP-positive cells was also determined. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01.