TABLE 4.
IMPLICATION OF ATF3 IN HUMAN DISEASES
| Disease | Association With ATF3 | Ref. |
|---|---|---|
| Hypospadias | IHC of 48 human penile skin tissues revealed ATF3 upregulation in those with hypospadias | 42 |
| Genotyping of 710 human patient samples revealed that the disorder is strongly associated with SNPs located within intron 1 of the atf3 gene | 5 | |
| Diabetes | IHC of pancreata from patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes indicated elevated expression of ATF3 in the pancreatic β-cells | 27 |
| Cancer | ||
| Prostate | IHC of 64 human prostate cancers revealed a strong positive correlation between nuclear ATF3 expression and bone metastasis | 4 |
| IHC of 39 human prostate cancers revealed no ATF3 expression in benign samples and strong ATF3 expression in all malignant samples | 55 | |
| Breast | Immunoblot analysis of 48 human breast cancers revealed that ATF3 expression is higher in the tumor than in the adjacent nontumor tissue in ∼50% of the cases | 72 |
| IHC of 127 tumor microarray cores showed strong nuclear stain of ATF3 in ∼18% of the samples | 67 | |
| SCC | IHC of tissue microarrays from patients with cutaneous SCCs showed elevated expression of ATF3 by the calcineurin inhibitor cyclosporin A, an agent that is commonly used to treat organ transplant patients but significantly increases cancer risk | 70 |
| Hodgkin lymphoma | IHC of 415 human lymphoma samples revealed that ATF3 is strongly expressed in almost all cases of classical Hodgkin lymphoma, but rarely in all other lymphomas assessed | 32 |
IHC, immunohistochemistry; SCC, squamous cell carcinoma; SNP, single nucleotide polymorphish.