TABLE 2.
Regression Results
| Standard OLS | Lagged Dependent Variable | Child-Specific Fixed Effects | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | |
| Panel A: Total parental debt | ||||||
| Total parental debt | −0.0086*** | 0.0059** | −0.0021 | 0.0056*** | 0.0032† | 0.0041* |
| (LN; 2013 $s) | (0.0018) | (0.0020) | (0.0014) | (0.0016) | (0.0017) | (0.0019) |
| Lagged behavior problems | 0.6118*** | 0.6044*** | ||||
| (0.0070) | (0.0070) | |||||
| Basic characteristics | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Enhanced characteristics | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes |
| Lagged dependent variable | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | No |
| Child-specific fixed effects | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| Observations | 29 318 | 29 318 | 19 385 | 19 385 | 29 318 | 29 318 |
| R2 | 0.0962 | 0.1105 | 0.4393 | 0.4433 | 0.0118 | 0.0135 |
| Panel B: Types of parental debt | ||||||
| Total education debt | −0.0064 | −0.0058 | −0.0068a | −0.0066a | −0.0099* | −0.0104** |
| (LN; 2013 $s) | (0.0045) | (0.0045) | (0.0036) | (0.0036) | (0.0039) | (0.0039) |
| Total home debt | −0.0123*** | 0.0011 | −0.0054*** | 0.0017 | −0.0008 | −0.0013 |
| (LN; 2013 $s) | (0.0016) | (0.0025) | (0.0011) | (0.0019) | (0.0015) | (0.0025) |
| Total auto debt | −0.0045** | −0.0010 | −0.0015 | 0.0003 | 0.0008 | 0.0012 |
| (LN; 2013 $s) | (0.0015) | (0.0015) | (0.0012) | (0.0012) | (0.0013) | (0.0013) |
| Total unsecured debt | 0.0132*** | 0.0142*** | 0.0068*** | 0.0074*** | 0.0045*** | 0.0048*** |
| (LN; 2013 $s) | (0.0016) | (0.0016) | (0.0013) | (0.0013) | (0.0014) | (0.0014) |
| Lagged behavior problems | 0.6072*** | 0.6019*** | ||||
| (0.0070) | (0.0071) | |||||
| Time-Stable characteristics | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Time-Varying characteristics | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes |
| Lagged dependent variable | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | No |
| Child-specific fixed effects | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| Observations | 29 318 | 29 318 | 19 385 | 19 385 | 29 318 | 29 318 |
| R2 | 0.1056 | 0.1156 | 0.4418 | 0.4446 | 0.0125 | 0.0143 |
A total of 29 318 child-year observations of 9011 children. Coefficients (and SEs) from OLS regression are presented. SEs are corrected for intracluster correlation due to multiple observations of children in the standard OLS and lagged dependent variable regressions and for intracluster correlation of children of the same mother (siblings) in the fixed-effects regression. Each panel (A and B) presents results from 6 separate regression models. Model 1 includes only time-stable characteristics. Model 2 includes time-stable and time-varying characteristics. Models 3 and 4 add a lagged dependent variable to Models 1 and 2. Models 5 and 6 are fixed-effects versions of Models 1 and 2. Time-stable and time-varying characteristics are listed in Table 1. All models also control for year of observation. Ln refers to natural logarithm. † P < .10; * P < .05; ** P < .01; *** P < .001.