Fig. 4.

NF-κB activation (white bars) and TNF-α production (black bars) in PMA-differentiated THP-1 macrophages exposed to inactivated cells from LAB isolates of weissella, pediococci, enterococci and lactobacilli at a ratio of 1 macrophage per 100 bacteria for 24 h. NF-κB activation is presented as a fold increase over a non-stimulated condition on the primary Y axis (left hand), while TNF-α production is presented in ng/mL on the secondary Y axis (right hand). Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS-1, E. coli K12, BCG and LPS at 0.2 μg/mL were included as controls