Table 1. Comparisons of the Proposed Approach with Others in Terms of MUC1 Detection.

materials	method	linear range	LOD	refs
graphene oxide (GO)-based fluorescent aptasensor	fluorescence emission spectra	0.04–10 μM	28 nM	(12)
hairpin DNA aptamers on gold	square wave voltammetry (SWV)	0.1–3 μM	50 nM	(51)
enzyme–gold NPs	differential pulse voltammograms (DPVs)	8.8–353.3 nM	2.2 nM	(24)
conducting polymer nanowire-based microfluidic aptasensor	microfluidic system	0.01–100 nM	2.66 nM	(52)
quantum dot-based fluorescence readout	fluorescence spectra	0.01–104 pg·mL–1	4.5 fg·mL–1	(1)
poly(o-phenylenediamine) carrier and functionalized carbon nanotubes	DPV	0.001–100 nM	1 pM	(53)
GO and Rul-aptamer	electrochemiluminescence	64.9–1036.8 nM	40 nM	(13)
aptamer–antibody hybrid sandwich	ELISA and surface plasmon resonance	8–100 μg·mL–1	1 μg·mL–1	(10)
aptamer-functionalized gold NPs	EIS	0.5–10 nM	0.1 nM	(25)
gold NPs-modified screen-printed electrodes	EIS	2.5–15 ng·mL–1	3.6 ng·mL–1	(26)
	DPV	0–10 ng·mL–1	0.95 ng·mL–1
DNA-templated silver nanoclusters	SWV	1–500 nM	0.5 nM	(54)
TiO2NT/aptamer/c-DNA@CdTeQD aptasensor	photoelectrochemical	0.002–0.2 μM	0.52 nM	(55)
ZrHF@mFe3O4@mC	EIS	0.01–1000 ng·mL–1	0.90 pg·mL–1	this work