| First Author (Year) | Follow-up Period | Outcome Scale | Treatment groups (n = ) | Intragroup difference | Statistically significant (*clinical significance) | Between group difference | Statistically significant |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Itoi (1992)109 | 3.4 yr (1 – 9 yr) | -MMT | G0: All patients (62) G1: Satisfied (15) G2: Unsatisfied (8) |
(Pre→Post) (Percent of cohort ≥4/5): G0: Abd: 89.6%→87.1% ER: NR→87.1% G1: Abd: NR→87% G2: Abd: NR→63% |
(Post) (Percent of cohort ≥4/5): G0: p>0.05 (NS) G1: p<0.05 G2: p>0.05 (NS) |
(Post) G1: Abd: NR → 87% G2: Abd: NR → 63% |
(Post) (Percent of cohort ≥4/5): G1 vs G2: p < 0.05* |
| Bokor (1993)105 | 7.6 yr (3.7 – 12 yr) | -UCLA strength of flexion | G1: Non-surgical (53) | NR | NR | NA | NA |
| Hawkins (1995)108 | 3.8 yr | -Constant- Murley strength score | G1: Non-surgical (19) G2: Not satisfied w/ non-surgical (14) |
(Pre→ Post) Constant-Murley (score): G1: 21.2→23.2 G2: 18.6→17.1 |
NR | (Post) Constant-Murley (score): G1: 23.2 G2: 17.1 |
(Post) Constant-Murley (score): G1 vs G2: p = 0.008* |
| Wirth (1997)114 | >/= 2 yr | -ASES | G1: Exercise therapy (60) | NR | NR | NA | NA |
| Palmer (1998)101 | 2 yr | -Hand-held dynamometer | Aquatic Therapy (1) | (Pre→post) Supra: 0→7 lb Flex: 7→7lb Abd: 7→7lb ER: 8→17lb IR: NR→20lb Elbow Flex: 10→18lb Elbow Ext: 10→25lb |
NR | NA | NA |
| Yamada (2000)115 | 4 yr (12 mo – 19 yr) | -MMT | G1: Non-surgical (14) G2: Surgery (26) |
G1: Abd & ER 4/5 G2: Abd & ER 5/5 |
NR | NR | NR |
| Goldberg (2001)107 | 2.5 yr | -NR | G1: Non-surgical (46) | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Shibata (2001)126 | 24 wk | -UCLA MMT | G1: 25 mg sodium Hyaluronate & 3 mL 1% lidocaine (38) G2: 2mg Dexamethasone & 3 mL 1% lidocaine (40) |
(Pre→4wk→24wk) UCLA MMT (score): G1: 3.4→4.8→4.6 G2: 3.0→4.0→3.9 |
(4 wk) UCLA MMT (score): G1: p<0.01* G2: p<0.01* (24 wk) UCLA MMT (score): G1: p>0.05 (NS) G2: p < 0.01 |
NR | NR |
| Vad (2002)120 | 3.1 yr (Range: 2-7 yr) |
-MMT | G1a: PT + meds (28) G1b: PT + meds + CS (12) G2: Failed G1a/b arthroscopy (32) G3: Primary surgery RCT repair (36) |
(Pre→post) (Percent of Cohort < 3/5 MMT): G1: 78% → NR G2: 83% → NR G3: 80% → NR |
NR | NR | NR |
| Piccoli (2004)102 | 7 wk | -MMT | Single case | (Pre→7 wk) Flexion: 3+/5 → 4+/5 Extension: 3+/5 → 4+/5 Abduction: 3+/5 → 4/5 Internal rotation: 3+/5 → 4+/5 External rotation: 3+/5 → 4+/5 |
NA | NA | NA |
| Ainsworth (2006)104 | Avg: 10.8 mo (Range: 2-36 mo) | -NR | G1: Non-surgical (10) (Torbay rehabilitation program) |
NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Levy (2007)116 | 9 mo | -Constant- murley strength score | G1: Non-surgical (17) | (Pre→≥9 mo) Constant (score): <1 (0-2 lb) → < 1 (0-2 lb) |
NR | NR | NR |
| Lunn (2007)119 | 50 mo | -Pre: MMT -Post: NR |
G1: Nonoperative (14) G2: Open repair (5) |
(Pre) ER at 0 ° ABD (grade): G1 & G2: 4/5 (n=13) G1 & G2: 3/5 (n=6) ER at 0 ° ABD (grade): G1 & G2: 5/5 (n=19) (Post) “Power in ER at 0 ° ABD” G1 & G2 injured arm: 3.2 kg G1 & G2 uninjured arm: 6.0 kg |
(Post) G1 & G2 Uninjured vs injured: p < 0.0001* |
NR | NR |
| Ainsworth (2009)127 | 12 mo | -NR | G1: PT + Exercise (30) G2: Control (Placebo) (no exercise) (30) |
NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Baydar (2008)118 | 6 mo, 1 yr, 3 yr (Pt. report) |
-Isokinetic strength measures | G1: Non-surgical (20) | (Pre→6 mo) (Peak torque (ft-lb)): ABD 60 °/s: 21.7→27.9 ABD 180 °/s: 19.45→22.4 ER 60 °/s: 3.95→7.70 ER 180 °/s: 3.95→6.85 IR 60 °/s: 15.75→22.7 IR 180 °/s: 12.6→19.5 |
(Post) ABD 60 °/s: p < 0.001* ABD 180 °/s: p < 0.001 ER 60 °/s: p < 0.001* ER 180 °/s: p < 0.001* IR 60 °/s: p < 0.001* IR 180 °/s: p < 0.001* |
NA | NA |
| Moosmayer (2010/2014)47,48 § | 6 mo, 1 yr, 5 yr | -Hand-held spring balance‡ | G1: Surgical (52) G2: PT (51) †G3: G2→G1 (9; 18%) †G4: PT only (39) |
(Pre→6 mo→1 yr→ 5 yr) G1: Scapular plane (kg) 7.5 →8.0 →11.1→12.1 G2: Scapular plane (kg) 8.1 →10.6 →11.9 →11.4 |
NR | (1 yr) G1: Scapular plane: 11.1 (kg) G2: Scapular plane: 11.9 (kg) (5 yr) G1: Scapular plane: 12.1 (kg) G2: Scapular plane: 11.4 (kg) |
(1 yr) G1 vs G2: p = 0.89 (5 yr) G1 vs G2: p < 0.001 |
| Tanaka (2010)113 | G1: 2.4 yr G2: 2.2 yr | -NR | G1: Non-surgical (Subjects: 62 Shoulders: 65) G2 Failed G1→surgery (subjects: 56 shoulders: 58) |
NR | NA | NR | NA |
| Gialanella (2011)128 | 6 mo | -NR | G1: PT & CS (x1) (20) G2: PT & CS (x2) (20) G3: PT (control) |
NR | NA | NR | NA |
| Merolla (2011)1 | 12 mo. | -NR | G0: Conservative therapy (60) G1: ‘Successful’ (33) G2: G0→ surgery (27) |
NR | NA | NR | NA |
| Kijma (2012)110 | 12.9 yr | NR | G1: 43 | NR | NA | NR | NA |
| Krischak (2013)124 | 2 mo | -Isokinetic dynamometer | G1: Standard OT (22) G2: Home exercises (16) |
(Pre→2 mo) Abd (Nm): 60 °/s G1: 31.6→38.1 G2: 39.9→41.6 Abd (Nm): 120 °/s G1: 33.7 →37.7 G2: 44.4 →44.8 ER (Nm): 60 °/s G1: 18.0 →20.3 G2: 20.8 →22.3 ER (Nm): 120 °/s G1: 17.0 →18.8 G2: 19.5 →20.9 |
NR | (2 mo) Abd (Nm): 60 °/s G1: 38.1 G2: 41.6 Abd (Nm): 120 °/s G1: 37.7 G2: 44.8 ER (Nm): 60 °/s G1: 20.3 G2: 22.3 ER (Nm): 120 °/s G1: 18.8 G2: 20.9 |
(2 mo) Abd (Nm): 60 °/s G1 vs G2: p = 0.359 (NS) Abd (Nm): 120 °/s G1 vs G2: p = 0.16 (NS) ER (Nm): 60 °/s G1 vs G2: p = 0.359 (NS) ER (Nm): 12 °/s G1 vs G2: p = 0.231 (NS) |
| Kuhn (2013)40 | 1 yr | -NR | G0: PT program§ (422, 100%) G1: Cured (237, 62.2%) (no formal f/u scheduled) G2: Improved (continue PT) G3: No better (82, 29%) (offered surgery) |
NR | NA | NR | NA |
| Benazzo (2014)99 | 29 mo | -NR | Non-surgical: (1) | (Pre→80 d) Strength (supraspinatus): NR→”normal” |
NA | NA | NA |
| Boorman (2014)123 | 29 mo | -NR | G0: 3 mo supervised, non-operative** G1: “Successful”(no surgery indicated) (70; 75%) G2: “failed” (underwent surgery) (23; 25%) |
(Baseline) ER full strength: (percent cohort) G1: 29% G2: 8% |
NA | (Baseline) ER full strength: (percent cohort) G1: 29% G2: 8% |
(Baseline) ER full strength: G1 vs G2: p = 0.966 (NS) |
| Güzelant (2014)117 | 66 mo | -“Horizontal hand scale” †† | G1: “Conservative therapy” (33) | (Pre→post) Infra: 3 (2-4)→ 3 (2-4+) Supra: 3 (2-4)→ 3 (2-4+) Deltoid: 3 (2-4)→ 4 (3-5) |
(Post) Infra: p > 0.05 (NS) Supra: p > 0.05 (NS) Deltoid: p < 0.05 (P = 0.0412) |
NA | NA |
| Kukkonen (2014/2015)52,125 | 24 mo | -Constant- Murley strength score | G1: PT (55) G2: Acromioplasty & PT (58) G3: RC repair, acromioplasty & PT (54) |
(Pre→6 mo→12 mo→24 mo) Constant-Murley (score):# G1: 8.5→11.2→11.5→11.5 G2: 8.1→10.1→10.9→12.0 G3: 8.1→9.0→10.8→12.0 |
NR | (24 mo) Constant-Murley (score):# G1: 11.5 G2: 12.0 G3: 12.0 |
(24 mo) Constant-Murley: G1 vs G2 vs G3: p>0.05 (NS) |
| Collin (2015)106 | 24 mo | -NR | G1: “Rehab program” (45) (nonoperative) |
NR | NA | NA | NA |
| Lambers Heerspink (2015)49 | 12 mo | -NR | G1: “Conservative Management” (31) G2: RC repair (25) |
NR | NA | NR | NA |
| Baumer (2016)121 | ≥9 wk | -Biodex system 2 | G1: PT (25) G2: Healthy controls (25) |
(Pre→≥9 wk) Normal strength (percentage): Abd: G1: 63.8%→59.7% G2: 96.8% Flx: G1: 78.3%→58.9% G2: 82.9% ER: G1: 69.3%→82.7% G2: 111.9% IR: G1: 78.3%→87.9% G2: 111.7% |
(Pre→≥9 wk) Normal strength: Abd: G1: p = 0.17 (NS) Flx: G1: p = 0.01 (NS) ER: G1: p = 0.09 (NS) IR: G1: p = 0.33 (NS) |
(≥9 wk) Normal strength (percentage): Abd: G1: 59.7%; G2: 96.8% Flx: G1: 78.3%; G2: 82.9% ER: G1: 69.3%; G2: 111.9% IR: G1: 78.3%; G2: 111.7% |
(≥9 wk) Normal strength (percentage): Abd: G1 vs G2: p < 0.01* Flx: G1 vs G2: p < 0.01 ER: G1 vs G2: p < 0.01* IR: G1 vs G2: p < 0.01* |
| Christensen (2016)122 | ≥5 mo | -Hand-held dynamometer | G1: Non-operative(30) G2: Control (30)Δ |
(Pre→≥5 mo) Force (N): Flx @ 45 ° G1: 23.5→33.7 Flx @ 90 ° G1: 17.6→24.6 Abd G1: 50.2→62.5 ER G1: 24.2→24.9 IR G1: 93.1→102.1 |
(≥5 mo) Strength (N): Flx @ 45 ° G1: p = 0.036* Flx @ 90 ° G1: p = 0.049* Abd G1: p = 0.009* ER G1: p = 0.363 (NS) IR G1: Pp = 0.102 (NS) |
NR | NA |
| Miller (2016)111 | 12 wk | -Hand-held dynamometer | G1: Exercise therapy (5) | (Pre→12 wk) Force (N): ER at 0 ° ABD: 54.2→83.9 (+54%) ER at 90 ° ABD: 46.7→81.2 ( + 74%) IR at 0 ° ABD: 93→121.8 (+31%) Scaption at 90 °: 40.1→61.9 (+54%) |
(12 wk) Force (N): ER at 0 ° ABD: p = 0.005* IR at 0 ° ABD: p = 0.036* ER at 90 ° ABD: p = 0.009* Scaption at 90 °: p = 0.024* |
NA | NA |
| Mischke (2016)100 | 13 visits (time NR) | NR | Conservative therapy (1) | NR | NA | NA | NA |
| Upadhyaya (2016)103 | 10 yr | -MMT | Non-operative treatment (1) | (Pre → 10 yr) MMT (grade 0-5): IR: 5/5 → 5/5 ER: 5/5 → 4/5 Abd: 4/5 → 4/5 |
NR | NA | NA |
| Moosmayer (2017)112 | 8.8 yr | -Constant- murley strength score | G1: Non-operative (49) G1a: Tear size < 9.9 mm (33) G1b: Tear size 10-19.9 mm (8) G1c: Tear Size ≥ 20 mm (8) |
(≥ 8.8 yr) Strength (kg): G1a: 12.0 G1b: 10.0 G1c: 6.0 |
NR | (≥ 8.8 yr) Strength (kg): G1a & G1b: 12.0 G1c: 6.0 |
(≥ 8.8 yr) Strength (kg): G1a & G1b vs G1c: 6.0: p < 0.004* |
Abd, abduction; CS, corticosteroid; Constant-murley, constant murley shoulder outcome score; ER, external rotation; G, group; infra, infraspinatus; IR, internal rotation; kg, kilogram; MMT, manual muscle test; Mo, month; NA, not applicable; NR; not reported; NS, not statistically significant; PT, physical therapy; supra, supraspinatus; UCLA, University of California Los Angeles shoulder rating scale; wk, week; yr, year; *, clinical significance, indicates a statistical significant difference and a ≥20% difference; †, G3 and G4 are a subset of G2; ‡, As described by the Constant-murley subscale for strength; §, all subjects began a physical therapy program and were reevaluated at 6 and 12 weeks, at those times patient were assigned to G1, G2, or G3 based on findings; **, all subjects underwent a 3 mo supervised program of nonoperative treatment & with an evaluated by orthopedic surgeon and assigned to G1 or G2; ††, assumed to be manual muscle testing; #, values estimated to nearest tenth based off graphical representation, as no specific numerical values reported with-in study.