Table 2.
Summary data and statistical outcomes for glenohumeral joint external rotation range of motion (ROM) and glenohumeral joint external rotation difference (ERD) for all age groups. These data are presented in degrees of rotation
| Age groups (n) | Mean ± SD external rotation ROM | Differences between means: D vs ND | Difference in external rotation ROM (ERD) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dominant side (95% CI) | Non-dominant side (95% CI) |
Tdf-ratio (p-value) Effect size (ES = d) |
Mean ± SD (95% CI) | |
| Under 14 yrs (69) | 103 ± 8a | 100 ± 7 | T68 = 3.69 ( < 0.001) | 3 ± 6 (1 to 4) |
| 101 to 105 | 99 to 102 | 0.44 | ||
| 14 – 15 yrs (56) | 107 ± 9a,b | 102 ± 8c | T55 = 4.85 ( < 0.001) | 6 ± 9 (3 to 8) |
| 105 to 110 | 100 to 104 | 0.65 | ||
| Over 16 yrs (59) | 101 ± 10b | 97 ± 10c | T58 = 4.16 ( < 0.001) | 4 ± 7 (2 to 6) |
| 98 to 103 | 94 to 100 | 0.55 | ||
a
Denotes a difference between age group means: difference between means ± SD = 4 ± 8, 95% CI = 2 to 7, d = 0.54; T123 = 3.01, P = 0.003
b
Denotes a difference between age group means: difference between means ± SD = 7 ± 9, 95% CI = 3 to 10, d = 0.78; T113 = 3.86, P = < 0.001
c
Denotes a difference between age group means: difference between means ± SD = 5 ± 9, 95% CI = 1 to 8, d = 0.52; T113 = 2.76, P = 0.007