Table 1.
Characteristics of subjects with and without insomnia
| Characteristics | With insomnia (n=141) | Without insomnia (n=362) | Significance |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | |||
| Male, n (%) | 68 (48) | 224 (62) | P<0.01 |
| Female, n (%) | 73 (52) | 138 (38) | |
| Age (years) | 61.3±13.6 | 64.9±11.9 | P<0.01 |
| BMI | 26.1±4.7 | 24.7±4.0 | P<0.01 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.1±1.0 | 7.1±0.8 | ns |
| Smoking habit | |||
| Yes, n (%) | 24 (17) | 55 (15) | ns |
| No, n (%) | 117 (83) | 307 (85) | |
| Habitual alcohol consumption | |||
| Yes, n (%) | 39 (28) | 121 (33) | ns |
| No, n (%) | 102 (72) | 241 (67) | |
| Exercise frequency | |||
| No, n (%) | 87 (62) | 186 (51) | |
| Once a week, n (%) | 10 (7) | 22 (6) | |
| 2–3 times a week, n (%) | 22 (16) | 52 (14) | ns |
| 4–5 times a week, n (%) | 12 (9) | 35 (10) | |
| Almost every day, n (%) | 19 (13) | 67 (18) | |
| Single | |||
| Yes, n (%) | 51 (36) | 99 (27) | ns |
| No, n (%) | 90 (64) | 263 (73) | |
| Living alone | |||
| Yes, n (%) | 25 (18) | 38 (10) | P<0.05 |
| No, n (%) | 116 (82) | 324 (90) | |
| Depression (CES-D) | 17.1±8.7 | 11.6±6.8 | P<0.001 |
| Coping profile | |||
| Active solution | 6.3±2.5 | 6.2±2.7 | ns |
| Seeking help for a solution | 8.1±2.7 | 8.0±2.9 | ns |
| Changing mood | 7.8±2.6 | 8.2±2.6 | ns |
| Emotional expression involving others | 10.9±1.7 | 11.2±1.5 | ns |
| Avoidance and suppression | 9.1±2.2 | 9.5±2.1 | P<0.05 |
| Changing one’s point of view | 7.8±2.4 | 7.5±2.8 | ns |
Notes: Data are shown as mean ± SD. Current insomnia is defined as ≥5.5 on the PSQI-J.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CES-D, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; ns, no significance; PSQI-J, Japanese version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.