Fig. 9.

Model of the biological effect of EMF. ELF-EMF exposure and RF-EMF exposure both can increase cell ROS level, which subsequently elevates the generation and propagation of amyloid, probably via the oxidation of methionine. Increase of ROS levels activated the antioxidant system in the cell, and activities of SOD and CAT were elevated to defend the oxidative stress and prevent ROS levels from increasing. Changes in ROS levels and protein folding will widely interfere with cell function, and are therefore hypothesized to mediate various biological effect of EMF. Red, black and green arrow represents “increase,” “process,” and “lead to,” respectively