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Carvedilol attenuates oxidative stress in AD cell models. a ROS was determined by DCFH-DA. b Protein carbonyl was determined by ELISA. c The level of intracellular 4-HNE was determined by immunofluorescence staining. Scale bars at 100 μM (ANOVA *P < 0.001 vs. vector control; #P < 0.01 vs. N2a/Swe.D9 non-treatment control)
