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Effects of Carvedilol on endogenous Aβ-induced collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and reduction of Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in AD cell models. a Representative fluorescence photos and quantitative analysis of MMP. Scale bars at 100 μM. b The levels of intracellular ATP were determined by a bioluminescence assay (ANOVA *P < 0.001 vs. vector control; #P < 0.01 vs. N2a/Swe.D9 non-treatment control)
