Table 2.
Concentrations of glucose, insulin, glucagon, ghrelin, cholecystokinin (CCK), gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)
| A | Gender effect | B | Protein-load effect | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men | Women | Average | Control | 30 g protein | 70 g protein | Average | ||
| 60 min | ||||||||
| Glucose | 4.9 ± 0.1 | 5.3 ± 0.1 | 5.5 ± 0.1a | 4.8 ± 0.2b | 5.0 ± 0.1b | |||
| Insulin | 14.4 ± 1.5 | 4.0 ± 0.5a | 18.3 ± 2.3b | 20.9 ± 2.3b | ||||
| Glucagon | 132 ± 12 | 96 ± 6 | 62 ± 3a | 134 ± 11b | 145 ± 12b | |||
| Ghrelin | 1319 ± 180 | 1563 ± 236a | 1230 ± 179b | 1165 ± 130b | ||||
| CCK | 6.3 ± 0.7 | 3.8 ± 0.3 | 3.5 ± 0.4a | 5.4 ± 0.6b | 6.2 ± 0.7b | |||
| GIP | 24.2 ± 1.3 | 10 ± 1a | 31 ± 2b | 31 ± 2b | ||||
| GLP-1 | 32.4 ± 3.1 | 21.4 ± 1.2 | 20 ± 2a | 29 ± 3b | 32 ± 2c | |||
| 180 min | ||||||||
| Glucose | 5.0 ± 0.1 | 5.6 ± 0.2 | 5.3 ± 0.1 | |||||
| Insulin | 5.1 ± 1.2 | 7.6 ± 0.7 | 3.6 ± 0.4a | 3.5 ± 0.4a | 11.9 ± 1.6b | |||
| Glucagon | 99 ± 6 | 84 ± 6 | 59 ± 3a | 71 ± 7b | 145 ± 10c | |||
| Ghrelin | 1477 ± 253 | 1713 ± 294a | 1633 ± 281a | 1085 ± 194b | ||||
| CCK | 4.8 ± 0.5 | 3.1 ± 0.2 | 3.1 ± 0.3a | 3.4 ± 0.4a | 5.3 ± 0.4b | |||
| GIP | 19.2 ± 1.2 | 7 ± 1a | 19 ± 1b | 31 ± 2c | ||||
| GLP-1 | 35 ± 3 | 23 ± 1 | 20 ± 2a | 28 ± 2b | 38 ± 3c | |||
| C | Interaction effect | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men | Women | |||||
| Control | 30 g protein | 70 g protein | Control | 30 g protein | 70 g protein | |
| 60 min | ||||||
| Glucagon | 65 ± 5*,a | 154 ± 18*,b | 177 ± 15*,c | 58 ± 4a | 115 ± 10b | 114 ± 11b |
| GLP-1 | 23.0 ± 2.4a | 35.0 ± 4.2b | 39.1 ± 3.0*,b | 17.2 ± 1.3a | 22.5 ± 1.4,b | 24.7 ± 1.4b |
| 180 min | ||||||
| GIP | 7.6 ± 1.7*,a | 19.6 ± 1.8*,b | 31.8 ± 3.7c | 5.9 ± 1.9a | 21.4 ± 2.2b | 32.9 ± 3.9c |
Main gender (A) and protein-load effects (B), and interaction effects (C) of gender by protein-load for mean (± SEM) 60-min and 180-min concentrations of blood glucose (mmol/L) and plasma insulin (mU/L), glucagon (pg/mL), ghrelin (pg/mL), cholecystokinin (CCK; pmol/L), gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP; pmol/L) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1; pmol/L) in healthy young men (n = 8, n = 7 for GIP and GLP-1) and women (n = 8) after control (~2 kcal) and 30 g (120 kcal) or 70 g (280 kcal) protein loads. Results are presented separately for gender or protein-load if the main effect was significant, in case of non-significance the average was presented. Interaction effects of gender by protein-load are given if the effect was significant. Effects of gender and protein-load and interaction effects were determined by using repeated measures ANOVA including baseline values at each treatment visit as a covariate and post hoc Bonferroni corrections. Post hoc effects: * P < 0.05: men vs. women; a,b,c P < 0.05: a different letter indicates a significant difference between drink-conditions within subject group.