Table 4.
Association of TIMP-3* and clinical outcomes after traumatic brain injury in univariate and multivariate logistic regression models
| Independent variables in model | For each 1000 pg/mL increase in TIMP-3OR (95% CI)† | P values |
| ARDS | ||
| TIMP-3 | 1.5 (1.1 to 2.1) | 0.006 |
| TIMP-3, shock by arrival base deficit‡ | 1.4 (1.0 to 1.9) | 0.031 |
| TIMP-3, vasopressor on day of admission | 1.6 (1.2 to 2.2) | 0.004 |
| TIMP-3, age>60 | 1.5 (1.1 to 2.1) | 0.005 |
| TIMP-3, GCS score | 1.5 (1.1 to 2.1) | 0.006 |
| TIMP-3, AIS Head score | 1.5 (1.1 to 2.0) | 0.009 |
| TIMP-3, platelet transfusion§ | 1.5 (1.1 to 2.1) | 0.006 |
| TIMP-3, pRBC transfusion§ | 1.5 (1.1 to 2.1) | 0.007 |
| TIMP-3, plasma transfusion§ | 1.6 (1.1 to 2.1) | 0.005 |
| TIMP-3, AIS Head score, male sex, age>60, crystalloid, platelet, blood, plasma transfusion§, shock‡ | 1.4 (1.0 to 2.0) | 0.036 |
| Death | ||
| TIMP-3 | 1.7 (1.2 to 2.3) | 0.002 |
| TIMP-3, shock by arrival base deficit‡ | 1.6 (1.2 to 2.2) | 0.005 |
| TIMP-3, vasopressor on day of admission | 1.7 (1.2 to 2.4) | 0.002 |
| TIMP-3, age>60 years | 1.7 (1.2 to 2.3) | 0.002 |
| TIMP-3, GCS score | 1.6 (1.2 to 2.3) | 0.005 |
| TIMP-3, AIS Head score | 1.7 (1.2 to 2.5) | 0.001 |
| TIMP-3, platelet transfusion§ | 1.7 (1.2 to 2.3) | 0.002 |
| TIMP-3, pRBC transfusion§ | 1.7 (1.2 to 2.3) | 0.002 |
| TIMP-3, plasma transfusion§ | 1.7 (1.3 to 2.4) | 0.001 |
| TIMP-3, AIS Head score, age>60 years, crystalloid, platelet, blood, plasma transfusion§, shock‡ | 1.9 (1.2 to 2.8) | 0.002 |
Models exclude subjects with AIS Head score=6 (non-survivable injury).
* Plasma sample obtained on arrival to the ED.
† Regression model output for scaled predictor variable is interpreted as the change in the OR for outcome of interest for each 1000 pg/mL increase in the plasma concentration of TIMP-3 on ED arrival, holding all other variables in the model constant.
‡ Base deficit of <−4 on ED arrival arterial blood gas analysis.
§ Adjusted models control for transfusion of blood products in the first 12 hours of admission.
AIS, Abbreviated Injury Scale; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; ED, emergency department; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale score on ED arrival; pRBCs, packed red blood cells; TIMP-3, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase 3.