Table 2.

Prerequisites and criteria for oral vaccines in dogs

Efficacy of the vaccine candidate	Direct oral instillation of the vaccine suspension to laboratory dogs Administration of the vaccine bait to confined dogs Distribution of the vaccine bait in the field
Safety of the vaccine candidate	In the target species (10 times the field dose) In non-target species (local wild and domestic animals) (10 times the field dose) In wild rodents (field dose) In non-human primates (10 times the field dose) In immunodeficient laboratory animal model (oral, intracerebral, intramuscular routes) Excretion in the saliva of puppies Reversion to virulence studies
Bait candidate	Preference in owned dogs living in the households within the area (or country) where oral vaccination is to be applied Preference in ownerless and free-roaming owned dogs Thermostability