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. 2018 Jul 10;13:4029–4043. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S163956

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© 2018 Wang et al. This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited

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Schematic diagram of the effects of nanotopography-mediated macrophage polarization on the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs and osseointegration.

Notes: Once the titanium implants with nanotubes in different diameters were inserted into the femurs of mice, macrophages and BMSCs infiltrated and adhered to the surface of nanotubes. Macrophages on the surface of NTs of smaller diameters (NT-30) were prone to achieve the M2 phenotype and secreted numerous anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-10, etc.) which contribute to the beneficial microenvironment for BMSCs to osteogenic differentiation and the better osteogenesis finally. On the contrary, macrophages on the surface of NTs of bigger diameters (NT-100) were prone to achieve the M1 phenotype and secreted numerous pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, etc.) which were not in favor of the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. The red cells represent macrophages while the green cells represent BMSCs; the red balls represent pro-inflammatory cytokines while the green balls represent anti-inflammatory cytokines.

Abbreviations: BMSCs, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells; NTs, nanotubes; NT-30, titanium nanotube anodized under 5 V; IL, interleukin; NT-100, titanium nanotube anodized under 20 V; IFN-γ, interferon gamma; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha.