| Lee et al., 2017 |
4–6 (5.13±0.79) |
172 |
48% |
Community |
South Korea |
CADBI |
8 of 10 SCT symptoms demonstrated convergent and discriminant validity with ADHD-IN. SCT remained associated with greater emotional reactivity, anxiety/depression, and withdrawal when controlling for ADHD-IN. SCT no longer associated with externalizing behaviors (i.e., ADHD-HI, ODD, aggression) or sleep problems when controlling for ADHD-IN.
|
| Camprodon-Rosanas et al., 2017 |
7–10 (8.40±0.81) |
183 |
47% |
Community |
Spain |
CBCL |
SCT symptoms higher in boys than girls and correlated with paternal unemployment, lower maternal education, greater socioeconomic adversity, maternal smoking during pregnancy, and current second-hand smoke exposure at home. Children with elevated SCT (11%) had higher ADHD symptoms and more peer, emotional, and academic problems than children without elevated SCT. When controlling for demographics and other symptoms, SCT remained associated with socioeconomic vulnerability, current second-hand smoke exposure, ADHD symptoms, peer problems, and dyslexia symptoms.
|
| Garner et al., 2017 |
6–12 (8.43±1.86) |
168 |
65% |
Clinical (92% diagnosed with ADHD) |
United States |
CBCL/TRF |
SCT symptoms did not fit within a bifactor model of ADHD but instead loaded on a factor independent of ADHD ‘g’, with findings consistent across parent and teacher ratings. The SCT factor was strongly positively associated with the ADHD-IN factor but negatively associated with the ADHD-HI factor.
|
| Becker et al., 2017 |
6–12 (9.16±1.93) |
570 |
73% |
Clinical (psychiatrically hospitalized) |
United States |
CBCL |
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) concentration was significantly correlated with SCT but not ADHD symptoms. In regression analysis controlling for demographics, ADHD symptoms, and broadband internalizing and externalizing symptoms, TSH remained significantly associated with SCT.
|
| Fenollar Cortés et al., 2017 |
6–16 (9.59±2.38) |
131 |
72% |
Clinical (100% diagnosed with ADHD) |
Spain |
CADBI |
Two-factor model of SCT: inconsistent alertness (e.g., daydreams) and slowness (e.g., thinking is slow) factors. Controlling for ADHD-IN and SCT slowness, SCT inconsistent alertness was significantly associated with greater ADHD-HI symptoms and peer problems. Controlling for ADHD-IN and SCT inconsistent alertness, SCT slowness was significantly associated with lower ADHD-HI symptoms and lower conduct problem symptoms, as well as greater depression and learning problems. In regression analysis, ADHD-IN, but neither of the SCT factors, remained significantly associated with greater conduct problems, defiance/aggression, and anxiety.
|
| Belmar et al., 2017 |
6–14 (9.64±1.77) |
652 |
55% |
Community |
Chile |
CADBI |
For both mother and teacher ratings, SCT had convergent and discriminant validity from ADHD-IN symptoms. SCT had a uniquely stronger association than ADHD-IN with anxiety and depression, whereas ADHD-IN had a uniquely stronger association than SCT with ADHD-HI and ODD. SCT was unassociated with academic and social impairment when controlling for ADHD-IN.
|
| Jarrett et al., 2017 |
17–25 (18.82±1.08) |
298 |
28% |
College students |
United States |
BAARS |
Controlling for demographics, depression, sleep disturbances, and ADHD symptoms, SCT was significantly associated with poorer daily life EF. In regression analyses, none of the sleep or psychopathology symptoms (i.e., SCT, ADHD, depression) variables were significantly associated with neuropsychological task performance. 14.4% had elevated SCT (based on full screening sample of N=499).
|
| Wood, Potts et al., 2017 |
17–46 (19.03±2.4) |
253 |
49% |
College students |
United States |
BAARS |
SCT significantly associated with self-reported difficulty on timed reading tasks but not speed on cognitive and academic tasks (after a Bonferroni correction was applied). Between-group analyses indicated that students with elevated SCT (11%) had significantly more self-perceived problems on timed reading tasks than comparison students, with no group differences in actual performance speed (after applying a correction). Effect sizes showed a large group difference for self-perceived timed performance (d = 0.89), moderate group difference for reading fluency (d = 0.46), and small group difference for reading comprehension completion time (d = 0.28) and processing speed (d = 0.26).
|
| Wood, Lewandowski et al., 2017 |
18–24 (19.91±1.59) |
458 |
35% |
College students |
United States |
BAARS |
Students with elevated SCT (13%), with or without elevated ADHD, had greater anxiety, depression, and overall functional impairment than controls or students with ADHD who did not have elevated SCT. Controlling for depression, anxiety, and ADHD dimensions, SCT remained significantly associated with greater functional impairment, total daily life EF, and all five daily life EF subscales.
|
| Leikauf & Solanto, 2017 |
18–64 (37.8±11.6) |
102 (N=86 for EF regression analyses) |
57% |
Clinical (100% diagnosed with ADHD) |
United States |
BAARS |
SCT was associated with ADHD-IN and internalizing symptoms. Adults with high SCT (53%) did not differ from other adults with ADHD in ADHD subtype, comorbid internalizing disorder diagnoses, sex, race/ethnicity, or marital status, though those with high SCT were younger and had fewer advanced educational degrees than other adults with ADHD. Controlling for age, ADHD dimensions, and internalizing dimensions, SCT remained significantly associated with greater self-organization/problem-solving EF deficits and total EF deficits. Supplemental analyses indicated that SCT was significantly associated with self-organization EF deficits only for adults with ADHD who were taking stimulant medication.
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