Figure 4.

(a) Intoxication with NaF caused a significant increase in the formation of DNA fragmentation, while the use of antioxidants decreased the DNA degradation (the DNA was electrophoresed using agarose gel). (b) Quantitative analysis of DNA fragmentation levels in control, NaF-intoxicated, and all treated groups. NaF: sodium fluoride; NAC: N-acetylcysteine; THQ: thymoquinone. Notes: Data are presented as mean ± SEM (N=6). ⁺⁺⁺p≤ 0.001 versus control, and ^∗∗∗p≤ 0.001 versus NaF-intoxicated group.