Table 1.

Overview of NPs designed for urological cancer treatments.

Cancer types	Treatment strategies	Applied NPs	Reference
Prostate cancer	Chemotherapy	GNPs loaded with chrysophanol	Lu et al., 2017
		EGCG-encapsulated polymeric NPs modified with PSMA	Sanna et al., 2011
	Gene therapy	Polymeric NPs loaded with GS25	Voruganti et al., 2015
		GNPs loaded with miRNA	Ekin et al., 2014
	Thermal therapy	MNPs and GNPs	Johannsen et al., 2007a, 2010
Renal cancer	Targeted therapy	Sorafenib-loaded PLGA NPs, DPPC liposomes and HMC-coated DPPC liposomes	Liu et al., 2015a,b
	Gene therapy	FA-PEAs:VHL complexes	Sudimack and Lee, 2000
	Thermal therapy	PEGylated gold nanoshells	Pannerec-Varna et al., 2013
		MWCNTs	Burke et al., 2009
	PDT	GNPs with radiofrequency radiation	Nikzad et al., 2017
	Targeted therapy	Cuprous oxide nanoparticles	Yang et al., 2017
		Superparamagnetic-like particles	Leulmi et al., 2015
Bladder cancer	Immunotherapy	Liposomes encapsulating BCG’s CWS	Nakamura et al., 2014
	Gene therapy	PEGylated cationic liposome carriers (PCat, PPCat) and modified PLGA NPs delivering siSurvivin	Martin et al., 2014; Cui et al., 2015
	Targeted therapy	PLGA NPs loaded with belinostat	Martin et al., 2013
	Chemotherapy	Paclitaxel-loaded protein NPs	Lu et al., 2011; McKiernan et al., 2011
	PTT	GNPs	Chen et al., 2015b
		Silica-Au nanoshells, Au/Ag nanospheres, and Au nanorods modified with tumor targeting antibodies	Juarranz et al., 2008; Cheng et al., 2009
		NP-AAG	Long et al., 2018