Table 2.
Comparison of concomitant drugs used between patients with vancomycin‐induced acute kidney injury (VI‐AKI) and those without (NO‐AKI)
| Total (n = 647) | NO‐AKI (n = 545) | VI‐AKI (n = 102) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indication for VAN therapy, n (%) #1: | 0.190 | |||
| Prophylactic, n (%) | 33 (5.1) | 29 (5.3) | 4 (3.9) | |
| Local infection, n (%) | 452 (69.9) | 373 (68.4) | 79 (77.5) | |
| Bacteraemia, n (%) | 162 (25) | 143 (26.2) | 19 (18.6) | |
| Variety of VAN: | 0.015 | |||
| Wen kexin, n (%) | 427 (66.0) | 349 (64.0) | 78 (76.5) | |
| Lai kexin, n (%) | 220 (34.0) | 196 (36.0) | 24 (23.5) | |
| LOT, median (IQR) | 5.6 (6.2) | 5.8 (6.0) | 5.5 (7.5) | 0.468 |
| TDM, n (%) | 210 (32.5) | 161 (29.6) | 49 (48.0) | 0.000 |
| Daily dose: | 0.274 | |||
| 0.5 g, n (%) | 45 (7.0) | 32 (5.9) | 13 (12.7) | |
| 1.0 g, n (%) | 178 (27.6) | 151 (27.8) | 27 (26.5) | |
| 1.5 g, n (%) | 168 (26.0) | 142 (26.1) | 26 (25.5) | |
| 2.0 g, n (%) | 250 (38.7) | 215 (39.5) | 35 (34.3) | |
| 2.5 g, n (%) | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0) | |
| 3.0 g, n (%) | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0) | |
| 5.0 g, n (%) | 3 (0.5) | 2 (0.4) | 1 (1.0) | |
| Concomitant drugs: | ||||
| Nitrate, n (%) | 304 (47.0) | 249 (45.7) | 55 (53.9) | 0.126 |
| Vasopressor, n (%) | 96 (14.8) | 66 (12.1) | 30 (29.4) | 0.000 |
| Doxazosin, n (%) | 8 (1.2) | 5 (0.9) | 3 (2.9) | 0.227a |
| ACEI, n (%) | 84 (13.0) | 67 (12.3) | 17 (16.7) | 0.228 |
| ARB, n (%) | 72 (11.1) | 61 (11.2) | 11 (10.8) | 0.904 |
| β‐Blocker, n (%) | 349 (53.9) | 288 (52.8) | 61 (59.8) | 0.196 |
| DHP, n (%) | 183 (28.3) | 154 (28.3) | 29 (28.4) | 0.971 |
| Hydrochlorothiazide, n (%) | 41 (6.3) | 34 (6.2) | 7 (6.9) | 0.812 |
| Spironolactone, n (%) | 332 (51.3) | 272 (49.9) | 60 (58.8) | 0.098 |
| Furosemide, n (%) | 411 (63.5) | 332 (60.9) | 79 (77.5) | 0.001 |
| Mannitol, n (%) | 44 (6.8) | 35 (6.4) | 9 (8.8) | 0.377 |
| Clopidogrel, n (%) | 96 (14.8) | 85 (15.6) | 11 (10.8) | 0.210 |
| Statin, n (%) | 164 (25.3) | 136 (25.0) | 28 (27.5) | 0.595 |
| Sulphonylurea, n (%) | 27 (4.2) | 23 (4.2) | 4 (3.9) | 1.000a |
| Repaglinide, n (%) | 9 (1.4) | 8 (1.5) | 1 (1.0) | 1.000b |
| Piperacillin–tazobactam, n (%) | 35 (5.4) | 27 (5.0) | 8 (7.8) | 0.236 |
| Cephalosporin, n (%) | 536 (82.8) | 449 (82.4) | 87 (85.3) | 0.474 |
| First‐generation cephalosporin, n (%) | 105 (16.2) | 91 (16.7) | 14 (13.7) | 0.445 |
| Second‐generation cephalosporin, n (%) | 299 (46.2) | 251 (46.1) | 48 (47.1) | 0.852 |
| Third‐generation cephalosporin, n (%) | 323 (49.9) | 267 (49.0) | 56 (54.9) | 0.273 |
| Fourth‐generation cephalosporin, n (%) | 73 (11.3) | 61 (11.2) | 12 (11.8) | 0.867 |
| Carbapenem n (%) | 525 (81.1) | 430 (78.9) | 95 (93.1) | 0.001 |
| Aminoglycoside, n (%) | 48 (7.4) | 40 (7.3) | 8 (7.8) | 0.859 |
| Quinolone, n (%) | 292 (45.1) | 242 (44.4) | 50 (49.0) | 0.390 |
| Macrolide, n (%) | 27(4.2) | 25(4.6) | 2(2.0) | 0.343a |
| Compound sulfamethoxazole, n (%) | 31 (4.8) | 20 (3.7) | 11 (10.8) | 0.002 |
| Metronidazole/ornidazole, n (%) | 91 (14.1) | 71 (13.0) | 20 (19.6) | 0.079 |
| Azole antifungal agent, n (%) | 132 (20.4) | 102 (18.7) | 30 (29.4) | 0.022 |
| Acyclovir, n (%) | 24 (3.7) | 19 (3.5) | 5 (4.9) | 0.683a |
| Contrast medium, n (%) | 222 (34.3) | 190 (34.9) | 32 (31.4) | 0.496 |
| NSAID, n (%) | 238 (36.8) | 197 (36.1) | 41 (40.2) | 0.436 |
| Steroid, n (%) | 177 (27.4) | 138 (25.3) | 39 (38.2) | 0.007 |
| Calcineurin inhibitor, n (%) | 13 (2.0) | 10 (1.8) | 3 (23.1) | 0.729a |
| Mycophenolate mofetil, n (%) | 9 (1.4) | 6 (1.1) | 4 (2.9) | 0.319a |
| Cyclophosphamide, n (%) | 16 (2.5) | 13 (2.4) | 3 (2.9) | 1.000a |
| Polyene phosphatidylcholine, n (%) | 30 (4.6) | 26 (4.8) | 4 (3.9) | 0.906a |
| Edaravone, n (%) | 17 (2.6) | 0 (0) | 17 (3.1) | 0.09b |
| Glutathione, n (%) | 309 (47.8) | 249 (45.7) | 60 (58.8) | 0.015 |
| Acetylcysteine, n (%) | 177 (27.4) | 140 (25.7) | 37 (36.3) | 0.028 |
| Phosphocreatine, n (%) | 60 (9.3) | 44 (8.1) | 16 (15.7) | 0.015 |
| Levocarnitine, n (%) | 48 ((7.4) | 41 (7.5) | 7 (6.9) | 0.815 |
| The root of red‐rooted salvia, n (%) | 27 (4.2) | 21 (3.9) | 6 (5.9) | 0.502a |
| Liquorice, n (%) | 102 (15.8) | 68 (15.2) | 34 (16.9) | 0.590 |
| Kanglaite injection, n (%) | 23 (3.6) | 20 (3.7) | 3 (2.9) | 0.941a |
| Xingnaojing injection, n (%) | 46 (7.1) | 38 (7.0) | 8 (7.8) | 0.917a |
ACEI, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; DHP, dihydropyridine; IQR, interquartile range; LOT, length of therapy; NSAID, nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug; TDM, therapeutic drug monitoring; VAN, vancomycin
a
Continuity correction
b
Fisher's exact test