Table 2.
Summary table of TMS targets and parameters.
| Source | Target area | TMS Procedure | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N of sessions | Frequency | Hz | MT (%) | Pulses/session | Inter-train interval | Duration/session (minutes) | ||
| Anninos et al., 2016 | Frontal, vertex, right and left temporal, right and left parietal, occipital cortex | 1 crossover session with active and sham TMS, then daily for 1 month | Daily | 8–13 | Not applicable | Not reported | Not reported | 2 |
| Baruth et al., 2010 | Left and right DLPFC, 5 cm anterior to the site of maximal FDI stimulation | 12 (6 left;6 right) | Weekly | 1 | 90 | 150 (15 × 10) | 20–30 s | Not reported |
| Casanova et al., 2012 | Left and right DLPFC | 12 (6 left;6 right) | Weekly | 1 | 90 | 150 (15 × 10) | 20–30 s | Not reported |
| Enticott et al., 2012 | Left primary motor cortex and supplementary motor area | 3 | Weekly | 1 | 100 | 900 | Not reported | 5 |
| Enticott et al., 2014 | DMPFC, coil centered and 7 cm anterior to M1, 3-4 cm from nasion | 10 | Daily | 5 | 100 | 30 × 10 | 20 | Not reported |
| Fecteau et al., 2011 | Left and right pars triangularis (BA45) and pars opercularis (BA44) | 4 (1 session for each target area) + 1 (fifth session of sham rTMS) | Intervals of at least 5 days, over 4 weeks | 1 | 70 | Not reported | Not reported | 30 |
| Ni et al., 2017 | Left and right DLPFC; posterior superior temporal sulcus | 1 session for each target area | 1 week interval between sessions | 50 Hz 3-pulse bursts | 80 for active iTBS; 60 for sham condition (active MT) | Two courses of 600 on each hemisphere, left first, 5 minutes apart | 20 trains at 10 s intervals | 2 x 4 |
| Panerai et al., 2014; Study I | Left and right premotor cortex, 2.5 cm rostral to primary motor cortex | 1 session of HFrTMS LFrTMS and sham both on the left and right | Every 2 weeks | LFrTMS: 1; HFrTMS: 8 | 90 (resting MT) | LFrTMS: 900; HFrTMS: 30 trains of 30 stimuli each trial lasting 3.6s | 56.4 s | LFrTMS: 15; HFrTMS: 30 |
| Panerai et al., 2014; Study II | Left premotor cortex, 2.5 cm rostral to primary motor cortex | 10 (HFrTMS, LFrTMS) | Every weekday (10 days), over 2 weeks | LFrTMS: 1; HFrTMS: 8 | 90 (resting MT) | LFrTMS: 900; HFrTMS: 30 trains of 30 stimuli each trial lasting 3.6s | 56.4 s | LFrTMS: 15; HFrTMS: 30 |
| Panerai et al., 2014; Study III | Left premotor cortex, 2.5 cm rostral to primary motor cortex | 4 HFrTMS or sham; Crossover design TMS-sham-TMS-sham | Daily (5 days) | LFrTMS: 1; HFrTMS: 8 | 90 (resting MT) | LFrTMS: 900; HFrTMS: 30 trains of 30 stimuli each trial lasting 3.6s | 56.4 s | LFrTMS: 15; HFrTMS: 30 |
| Panerai et al., 2014; Study IV | Left premotor cortex, 2.5 cm rostral to primary motor cortex | 10 HFrTMS or 10 HFrTMS+ EHI | Every weekday (10 days), over 2 weeks | 8 | 90 (resting MT) | LFrTMS: 900; HFrTMS: 30 trains of 30 stimuli each trial lasting 3.6s | 56.4 s | LFrTMS: 15; HFrTMS: 30 |
| Sokhadze et al., 2009 | Left DLPFC, 5 cm anterior to maximal FDI response | 6 | Twice a week | 0.5 | 90 | 150 (15 × 10) | 20-30s | Not reported |
| Sokhadze et al., 2012 | Left and right DLPFC | 12 (6 left;6 right) | Weekly | 1 | 90 | 150 (15 × 10) | Not reported | Not reported |
| Sokhadze et al., 2014b | Right and left DLPFC, 5 cm anterior to maximal FDI response | 18 (6 left, 6 right, 6 bilaterally) + NFB (20 minutes) | Weekly | 1 | 90 | 180 | Not reported | Not reported |
| Sokhadze et al., 2014a | Left and right DLPFC | 18 (6 right, 6 left, 6 alternating right and left) | Weekly | 1 | 90 | 180 (9 × 20) | Not reported | Not reported |
| Sokhadze et al., 2016 | Right and left DLPFC, 5 cm anterior to maximal FDI response | 18 (6 right, 6 left, 6 bilaterally) | Weekly | 1 | 90 | 180 (9 × 20) | 20–30 s | Not reported |
| Abujadi et al., 2017 | Right DLPFC | 15 | 5 days a week, over 3 weeks | 50 Hz 3-pulse bursts at 5 Hz | 100 | 900 (300 bursts) | 8 s On/2 s Off | 5 |
| Casanova et al., 2014 | Left and right DLPFC | 18 (6 left, 6 right, 6 bilaterally) | Weekly | 0.5 | 90 | 160 (8 × 20) | Not reported | Not reported |
| Gómez et al., 2017 | Left DLPFC | 20 | Daily | 1 | 90 (resting MT) | 1500 (4 × 375) | 60 s | 30 |
| Sokhadze et al., 2010 | Left DLPFC, 5 cm anterior to maximal FDI response | 6 | Twice a week | 0.5 | 90 | 150 (15 × 10) | Not reported | Not reported |
| Sokhadze et al., 2017 | Bilateral DLPFC, 5 cm anterior to and in a parasagittal plane to the site of maximal abductor pollicis brevis stimulation | 18 | Weekly | 0.5 | 90 (resting MT) | 160 (8 × 20) | 20 s | Not reported |
| Wang et al., 2016 | Left and right DLPFC, 5 cm anterior to the site of maximal FDI stimulation | 12 (6 left, 6 right) | Weekly | 0.5 | 90 | 160 | 20–30 s | Not reported |
| Avirame et al., 2017 case 1 | Bilateral medial prefrontal cortex | 27 | Daily, over 6 weeks (missed 3 treatments) | 5 | Not reported | 60 × 10 | 20 s | 30 |
| Avirame et al., 2017 case 2 | Bilateral medial prefrontal cortex | 29 | Daily, over 6 weeks (missed 1 treatment) | 5 | Not reported | 60 × 10 | 20 s | 30 |
| Cristancho et al., 2014 | Left and right DLPFC | 36 (10 right, 26 left) | Right: daily; Left: after 20 sessions, TMS was tapered over 3 weeks | 1 | 90 (resting MT) | Right: 150 PPS increased to 300 PPS in the second week; Left: 300 PPS increased to 600 PPS in the fourth week | Right: 10s On/10−30s Off; Left: 10s On/ 10−15s Off | Not reported |
| Enticott et al., 2011 | Bilateral medial prefrontal cortex | 9 | Every weekday (10 days), over 2 weeks | 5 | 100 | 30 × 10 | 20s | 15 |
| Niederhofer, 2012 | Supplementary motor area | 5 | Daily | 1 | Not reported | 1,200 | Not reported | 60 |
DLPFC, Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; DMPFC, Dorsomedial prefrontal cortex; FDI, First Dorsal Interosseous muscle; HFrTMS, High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation; iTBS, Intermittent Theta-burst stimulation; LFrTMS, Low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation; MT, Motor threshold; NFB, Neurofeedback; PPS, Pulses Per Session; rTMS, Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation; TMS, Transcranial magnetic stimulation.