Table 1.
Sample characteristics, tests used to assessment academic achievement, results per academic domain and percentage of children with special educational needs (SEN)
| Year | Author | Sample | GA, weeks M (SD) |
BW, grams M (SD) |
Age, years M (SD) |
IQ M (SD) |
Test | Study quality | Academic performance test scores M (SD) |
SEN, % | ||
| Reading | Spelling | Arithmetic | ||||||||||
| 2003 | Assel et al 22 | 160 PT | 29.7 (2.5) | 1111 (264) | 8.2 (0.4) | NA | WJTA | 5 | NA | NA | 93.7 (22.3) | NA |
| 90 FT | 39.9 (0.2) | 3212 (735) | NA | 101.0 (15.4) | ||||||||
| 2013 | Cheong et al 31 | 147 EP | 25.8 (1.1) | 897 (177) | 18.0 (NA) | 95.7 (15.9) | WRAT | 7 | 95.5 (13.5) | 97.1 (15.2) | 85.2 (14.0) | 23.7 |
| 131 FT | 39.3 (1.3) | 3441 (457) | NA | 107.6 (12.8) | 101.1 (13.6) | 105.1 (14.0) | 95.6 (14.3) | 9.4 | ||||
| 2015 | Clark and Woodward32 | 102 VP/VLBW | 27.9 (2.3) | 1071 (313) | 9.0 (NA) | 95.5 (14.6) | WJTA | 4 | 96.8 (15.6) | 93.5 (16.0) | 89.0 (16.0) | 39.0 |
| 108 FT | 39.5 (1.2) | 3575 (410) | NA | 106.9 (11.7) | 106.2 (13.4) | 101.8 (13.9) | 99.4 (15.5) | 20.0 | ||||
| 2009 | Frye et al 20 | 156 PT | 29.6 (2.1)* | 1109 (205) | 12.7 (0.5) | NA | WJTA | 4 | 103.4 (19.8)* | NA | NA | NA |
| 97 FT | NA | 3242 (630) | NA | 93.5 (17.29) | ||||||||
| 2013 | Hutchinson et al 33 | 189 EP/ELBW | 26.5 (2.0) | 833 (164) | 8.5 (0.4) | 93.1 (16.1) | WRAT | 6 | 98.0 (16.1) | 96.8 (15.2) | 90.0 (16.9) | NA |
| 173 FT/NBW | 39.3 (1.1) | 3506 (1455) | 8.5 (0.4) | 105.6 (12.4) | 105.5 (13.8) | 104.2 (14.4) | 99.1 (14.5 | |||||
| 2011 | Johnson et al 24 | 219 EP | 24.5 (0.7) | 745 (130)† | 10.9 (0.4) | 83.7 (18.0) | WIAT | 5 | 80.2 (20.3) | NA | 71.2 (20.9) | 61.4 |
| 153 FT | NA | NA | 10.9 (0.6) | 104.1 (11.1) | 98.5 (11.6) | 98.5 (15.0) | 11.2 | |||||
| 2012 | Litt et al 34 | 181 ELBW | 26.4 (2.0) | 815 (124) | 14.7 (0.7) | 87.1 (18.9) | WJTA | 3 | 88.6 (21.9) | NA | 81.3 (20.7) | 48.6 |
| 115 NBW | NA | 3260 (524) | 14.8 (0.8) | 96.4 (13.4) | 95.5 (14.1) | 93.2 (17.2) | 9.6 | |||||
| 2012 | Loe et al 23 | 72 PT | 28.8 (2.7) | 1226 (466) | 12.2 (1.8) | 102.0 (15.8) | WJTA | 4 | 105 (13.6) | NA | NA | NA |
| 42 FT | 39.7 (1.2) | 3474 (492) | 12.6 (2.0) | 114.0 (13.1) | 111 (10.9) | |||||||
| 2009 | Luu et al 16 | 375 VLBW | 28.0 (2.0) | 961 (174) | 12.2 (0.4) | 87.9 (18.3) | TOWRE | 3 | 91.2 (20.3)‡ | NA | NA | 46.6 |
| 111 FT | NA | NA | 12.7 (0.8) | 103.8 (15.7) | GRST | 101.9 (16.7)‡ | 16.2 | |||||
| 2014 | McNicholas et al 35 | 55 VLBW | 29.9 (2.8) | 1172 (219) | 11.6 (1.0) | 89.7 (12.5) | WIAT | 5 | 95.3 (15.0) | NA | 89.5 (16.1) | 33.0 |
| 45 NBW | NA | NA | NA | 101.3 (11.7) | 101.5 (NA) | 94.0 (NA) | 9.4 | |||||
| 2012 | Northam et al 36 | 50 VP | 27.0 (2.0) | 1081 (385) | 16.2 (1.4) | 92.0 (11.8) | WORD | 5 | 96.0 (14.0) | 96.0 (14.0) | NA | NA |
| 30 FT | NA | NA | 15.8 (1.2) | 108.8 (17.2) | 105.0 (12.0) | 104.0 (13.0) | ||||||
| 2011 | Rose et al 17 | 44 PT | 29.7 (2.8) | 1165 (268) | 11.2 (0.4) | 85.7 (14.3) | WJTA | 4 | 96.9 (14.7) | NA | 95.3 (14.0)‡ | NA |
| 87 FT | NA | NA | 11.1 (0.4) | 95.4 (11.6) | 101.0 (11.4) | 100.0 (12.3)‡ | ||||||
| 2015 | Sayeur et al 37 | 10 PT | 28.7 (1.8) | 1222 (238) | 7.6 (0.5) | 111.6 (10.5) | WIAT | 2 | 106.0 (23.1) | NA | NA | NA |
| 10 FT | 38.7 (1.3) | 3357 (801) | 7.6 (0.5) | 112.4 (8.9) | 105.1 (18.2) | |||||||
| 2003 | Short et al 18 | 173 VLBW | 28.3 (2.0)* | 1085 (223) | 8.8 (0.6) | 86.7 (18.4) | WJTA | 5 | 96.1 (21.3)*‡ | NA | 92.8 (21.4)*‡ | 43.4 |
| 99 NBW | NA | NA | NA | 101.9 (15.0) | 105.1 (18.0)‡ | 109.3 (17.1)‡ | 25.3 | |||||
| 2015 | Simms et al 38 | 115 VP | 28.6 (2.0) | 1213 (365) | 9.7 (0.7) | 97.8 (19.4) | WIAT | 5 | NA | NA | 91.3 (18.8) | NA |
| 77 FT | NA | NA | 9.5 (0.7) | 104.9 (20.8) | 103.6 (20.7) | |||||||
| 2011 | Taylor et al 39 | 148 EP/ELBW | 25.9 (1.6) | 818 (174) | 6.0 (0.4) | 86.3 (21.1) | WJTA | 5 | 106.1 (13.5) | 92.1 (15.7) | 98.8 (13.5) | 58.7 |
| 111 NBW | NA | 3382 (446) | 6.0 (0.3) | 105.5 (16.6) | 110.1 (13.5) | 100.6 (15.7) | 105.8 (13.4) | 29.0 | ||||
| 2016 | Taylor et al 40 | 194 VP | 27.5 (1.9) | 962 (223) | 7.5 (0.3) | 96.0 (15.1) | WRAT | 6 | 98.2 (19.6) | 97.9 (19.2) | 88.8 (18.4) | 41.0 |
| 70 FT | 39.1 (1.3) | 3323 (508) | 7.6 (0.3) | 107.0 (12.8) | 107.9 (16.9) | 106.2 (16.5) | 99.7 (14.1) | 9.0 | ||||
*Weighted mean and pooled SD of two subsamples.
†Estimated from median and IQR.
‡Weighted mean and pooled SD of subtests scores.
BW, birth weight; ELBW, extremely low birth weight (<1000 g); EP, extremely preterm (<28 weeks GA); FT, full-term (≥37 weeks GA); GA, gestational age; GRST, Grey Silent Reading Tests; M, mean; NA, not available; NBW, normal birth weight (≥2500 g); PT, preterm (<37 weeks GA); SEN, special educational needs; TOWRE, Test of Word Reading Efficiency; VLBW, very low birth weight (<1500 g); VP, very preterm (<32 weeks GA); WIAT, Wechsler Individual Achievement Test; WJTA, Woodcock Johnson Tests of Achievement; WORD, Wechsler Objective Reading Dimensions; WRAT, Wide Range Achievement Test.