Table 1.
Results of biochemical analyses, symptoms and diagnoses stratified by HLA DQ2 and HLA DQ8 status among participants in the Health2006 five-year follow-up study.
| All HLA-negative participants | All HLA DQ2- and/or DQ8-positive participantsa | p valueb | HLA DQ2-positive participantsa | HLA DQ8-positive participantsa | HLA DQ2- and DQ8-positive participantsa | p valuec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of participants | 1200 | 1093 | 716 | 273 | 93 | ||
| Median (5/95%) | Median (5/95%) | Median (5/95%) | Median (5/95%) | Median (5/95%) | |||
| Biomarkers | |||||||
| Hemoglobin (mmol/l) | 8.8 (7.7/10.0) | 8.8 (7.6/9.9) | 0.311s | 8.8 (7.6/10.0) | 8.7 (7.5/9.9) | 8.7 (7.5/9.9) | 0.492t |
| Vitamin D (nmol/l) | 70.0 (28.1/122.8) | 71.8 (26.2/120.1) | 0.599s | 71.6 (26.9/120.1) | 75.5 (23.5/127.1) | 68.7 (27.1/118.3) | 0.463t |
| Plasma glucose (mmol/l) | 5.3 (4.4/6.8) | 5.2 (4.4/6.7) | 0.683s | 5.3 (4.4/6.7) | 5.2 (4.4/6.6) | 5.2 (4.4/6.4) | 0.668t |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.5 (4.9/6.2) | 5.5 (4.9/6.1) | 0.222s | 5.5 (5.0/6.1) | 5.5 (4.9/6.3) | 5.4 (4.9/6.1) | 0.199t |
| TPO (U/ml) | 11.0 (8.0/166.0) | 12.0 (8.0/118.0) | 0.129s | 12.0 (8.0/171.0) | 12.0 (8.0/92.0) | 11.0 (8.0/48.0) | 0.088t |
| TSH (mU/l) | 1.4 (0.5/3.6) | 1.4 (0.5/3.6) | 0.250s | 1.4 (0.6/3.7) | 1.4 (0.5/3.0) | 1.5 (0.4/4.2) | 0.281t |
| FT4 (pmol/l) | 12.3 (9.9/15.0) | 12.3 (9.9/15.1) | 0.487s | 12.2 (9.8/14.8) | 12.3 (10.1/15.8) | 12.1 (10.0/15.6) | 0.185t |
| Anti-CCP (U/ml) | 1.9 (0.7/4.0) | 1.9 (0.7/3.9) | 0.967s | 1.9 (0.7/3.8) | 2.0 (0.8/3.9) | 2.1 (0.6/3.7) | 0.889t |
| % (n/total N) | % (n/total N) | % (n/total N) | % (n/total N) | % (n/total N) | |||
| Symptoms/diagnoses | |||||||
| Diabetes mellitus Type 1d | 0.6 (7/1200) | 0.5 (5/1093) | 0.677u | 0.3 (2/716) | 1.1 (3/273) | 0.0 (0/93) | 0.383v |
| Cardiovascular diseasee | 7.4 (89/1200) | 8.1 (89/1093) | 0.516u | 8.8 (63/716) | 5.9 (16/273) | 9.7 (9/93) | 0.354u |
| Inflammatory bowel diseasef | 0.9 (11/1200) | 0.8 (9/1093) | 0.811u | 0.7 (5/716) | 1.1 (3/273) | 1.1 (1/93) | 0.923v |
| Asthmag | 4.2 (50/1200) | 3.8 (41/1093) | 0.611u | 3.8 (27/716) | 3.3 (9/273) | 4.3 (4/93) | 0.910v |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseh | 2.8 (33/1200) | 1.9 (21/1093) | 0.191u | 2.2 (16/716) | 1.8 (5/273) | 0.0 (0/93) | 0.391v |
| Liver diseasei | 0.8 (9/1200) | 0.6 (7/1093) | 0.753u | 0.7 (5/716) | 0.4 (1/273) | 1.1 (1/93) | 0.833v |
| Gastrointestinal cancerj | 1.1 (13/1200) | 1.1 (12/1093) | 0.973u | 1.0 (7/716) | 1.5 (4/273) | 1.1 (1/93) | 0.845v |
| Lymphomak | 0.3 (4/1200) | 0.6 (7/1093) | 0.288u | 0.4 (3/716) | 1.1 (3/273) | 1.1 (1/93) | 0.202v |
| Celiac diseasel | 0.0 (0/1200) | 0.8 (9/1093) | 0.000v | 1.0 (7/716) | 0.0 (0/273) | 2.2 (2/93) | 0.000v |
| Any autoimmune diseasem | 6.3 (76/1200) | 7.5 (82/1093) | 0.270u | 6.8 (49/716) | 8.1 (22/273) | 9.7 (9/93) | 0.456u |
| Irritable bowel syndromen | 4.6 (55/1197) | 2.6 (28/1086) | 0.010u | 3.1 (22/711) | 1.9 (5/271) | 0.0 (0/93) | 0.017v |
| Allergy | |||||||
| Phadiatop > 0.35 | 30.9 (370/1198) | 29.0 (317/1092) | 0.333u | 29.9 (214/715) | 24.5 (67/273) | 31.2 (29/93) | 0.224u |
| Food mix, Fx5 > 0.35 | 4.1 (49/1198) | 4.1 (45/1092) | 0.971u | 5.2 (37/715) | 1.5 (4/273) | 4.3 (4/93) | 0.050v |
| Atopyo | 32.9 (391/1188) | 30.7 (331/1080) | 0.248u | 31.0 (220/710) | 27.1 (72/266) | 34.4 (32/93) | 0.270u |
| Skin prick test, positive: | |||||||
| Pollenp | 27.4 (325/1188) | 26.3 (284/1080) | 0.569u | 26.6 (189/710) | 22.6 (60/266) | 32.3 (30/93) | 0.256u |
| Animal danderq | 14.4 (171/1188) | 14.3 (154/1080) | 0.927u | 14.8 (105/710) | 10.5 (28/266) | 18.3 (17/93) | 0.217u |
| Dust mitesr | 12.0 (142/1188) | 9.4 (101/1080) | 0.046u | 9.7 (69/710) | 9.0 (24/266) | 5.4 (5/93) | 0.101u |
The participants were screened for HLA DQ8 and HLA DQ2 with the Celiac Gene Screen test, and the alleles associated with CD were identified by Celiac Gene Alleles test (BioDiagene, Palermo, Italy, distributed by Thermo Fisher Scientific, Allerød, Denmark).
P value for the difference between all HLA DQ2- and DQ8-positive versus -negative, p value ≥ 0.05 in bold.
P value for the difference between the four groups: all HLA DQ2- and DQ8-negative, HLA DQ2-positive, HLA DQ8-positive, and both HLA DQ8- and DQ2-positive, p value ≥ 0.05 in bold.
Diabetes mellitus Type 1: ICD-8: 249, ICD-10: E10.
Including: ischemic heart disease (ICD-8: 410–414, ICD-10: I20–I25) and stroke (ICD-8: 431–434, 436, ICD-10: I60–I69).
Including: Crohn’s disease (ICD-8: 563.01, ICD-10: K50) and ulcerative colitis (ICD-8: 563.19, ICD-10: K51).
Asthma: ICD-8: 493, ICD-10: J45, J46.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: ICD-8: 491–492 and ICD-10: J42–J44.
Liver disease: ICD-8: 570–573 and ICD-10: K70–K77.
Gastrointestinal cancer: ICD-8: 140–154 and ICD-10: C00–C18, C20–C21.
Lymphoma: ICD-8: 200-202 and 275.59 and ICD-10: C81–86, C88 and C915.
Celiac disease: ICD-8: 269.00 and ICD-10: K90.0.
aIncluding thyrotoxicosis(ICD-8: 242.00, ICD-10: E05.0), type 1 diabetes (ICD-8: 249, ICD-10: E10), multiple sclerosis (ICD-8: 340, ICD-10: G35), iridocyclitis (ICD-8: 364, ICD-10: H20), Crohn’s disease (ICD-8: 563.01, ICD-10: K50), ulcerative colitis (ICD-8: 563.19, ICD-10: K51), psoriasis vulgaris (ICD-8: 696.09–10, 696.19, ICD-10: L40), seropositive rheumatoid arthritis (ICD-8: 712.19, 712.39, 712.59, ICD-10: M05–M06), polymyalgia rheumatica (ICD-8: 446.30–31, 446.39, ICD-10: M31.5–6, M35.3), pernicious anemia (ICD-8: 281.0, ICD-10: D51.0), autoimmune hemolytic anemia (ICD-8: 283.90–91, ICD-10: D59.1), idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ICD-8: 446.49, ICD-10: D69.3), autoimmune thyroiditis (ICD-8: 245.03, ICD-10: E06.3), primary adrenocortical insufficiency (ICD-8: 255.1, ICD-10: E27.1), Guillain-Barré syndrome (ICD-8: 354, ICD-10: G61.0), autoimmune hepatitis (ICD-8: 571.93, ICD-10: K75.4), primary biliary cirrhosis (ICD-8: 571.90, ICD-10: K74.3), celiac disease (ICD-8: 269.00, ICD-10: K90.0), pemphigus (ICD-8: 694, ICD-10: L10), pemphigoid (ICD-8: 694.05, ICD-10: L12), alopecia areata (ICD-8: 704.00, ICD-10: L63), vitiligo (ICD-8: 709.01, ICD-10: L80), juvenile arthritis (ICD-8: 712.09, ICD-10: M08), Wegener’s granulomatosis (ICD-8: 446.29, ICD-10: M31.3), dermatopolymyositis (ICD-8: 716, ICD-10: M33), myasthenia gravis (ICD-8: 733.09, ICD-10: G70.0), systemic sclerosis (ICD-8: 734.0, ICD-10: M34), systemic lupus erythematosus (ICD-8: 734.19, ICD-10: M32), Sjögren’s syndrome (ICD-8: 734.90, ICD-10: M35.0), and nkylosing spondylitis (ICD-8: 712.49, ICD-10: M45).
Irritable bowel syndrome is defined as a cluster of frequent self-reported gastrointestinal symptoms during the past 12 months: “Subjects stating that they often experience both abdominal pain and distension and additionally, either borborygmi or altering stool consistency, or both.”
Atopy defined as a positive reaction to at least one of 10 allergens: birch, grass (Phleum pratense) mugwort, horse, cat, dog, two house dust mites (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinis and D. farinae), and two molds (Cladosporium herbarum and Alternaria alternata).
Pollen, at least one positive of birch, grass (P. pratense) or mugwort.
Animal dander, at least one positive for horse, cat or dog.
Dust mites, at least one positive for one of two house dust mites: D. pteronyssinis and D. farina.
Wilcoxon test.
Kruskal–Wallis test.
Chi-square test.
Fisher’s exact test.
Anti-CCP: anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide; CD: celiac disease; FT4: free thyroxine; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; HLA: human leukocyte antigen; ICD-8: International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, eighth revision; ICD-10: International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th revision; TPO: thyroperoxidase; TSH: thyroid-stimulating hormone.