Table 2.
Characteristics of the participants positive and negative for HLA DQ2 and HLA DQ8.
| All HLA DQ2- and DQ8-negative participants | All HLA DQ2-and DQ8-positive participantsa | p valueb | HLA DQ2-positive participants a | HLA DQ8-positive participantsa | HLA DQ2- and DQ8-positive participants a | p valuec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of participants | 1200 | 1093 | 716 | 273 | 93 | ||
| % (n/total N) | % (n/total N) | % (n/total N) | % (n/total N) | % (n/total N) | |||
| Sex | 0.564d | 0.803d | |||||
| Male | 46.6 (559/1200) | 45.4 (496/1093) | 46.4 (332/716) | 44.0 (120/273) | 43.0 (40/93) | ||
| Female | 53.4 (641/1200) | 54.6 (597/1093) | 53.6 (384/716) | 56.0 (153/273) | 57.0 (53/93) | ||
| Age at examination | 0.064d | 0.433d | |||||
| 24–44 years | 22.9 (275/1200) | 19.2 (210/1093) | 19.1 (137/716) | 18.7 (51/273) | 20.4 (19/93) | ||
| 45–59 years | 37.9 (455/1200) | 41.5 (453/1093) | 41.5 (297/716) | 42.1 (115/273) | 39.8 (37/93) | ||
| ≥ 60 years | 39.2 (470/1200) | 39.3 (430/1093) | 39.4 (282/716) | 39.2 (107/273) | 39.8 (37/93) | ||
| Education | 0.289d | 0.460d | |||||
| ≤ 13 years of school/no vocational training | 7.6 (90/1185) | 7.4 (80/1089) | 7.2 (51/712) | 7.0 (19/273) | 10.8 (10/93) | ||
| Short vocational training (<3 years) | 57.7 (684/1185) | 55.3 (602/1089) | 55.9 (398/712) | 55.0 (150/273) | 51.6 (48/93) | ||
| Medium length vocational training (3–4 years) | 22.8 (270/1185) | 26.3 (286/1089) | 26.0 (185/712) | 28.6 (78/273) | 22.6 (21/93) | ||
| Long education vocational training(>4 years) | 11.9 (141/1185) | 11.1 (121/1089) | 11.0 (78/712) | 9.5 (26/273) | 15.1 (14/93) | ||
| Smoking | 0.569 d | 0.640d | |||||
| Current smoker | 15.7 (187/1192) | 15.9 (173/1086) | 16.5 (117/711) | 15.1 (41/271) | 15.1 (14/93) | ||
| Past smoker | 40.4 (482/1192) | 38.3 (416/1086) | 38.0 (270/711) | 36.2 (98/271) | 45.2 (42/93) | ||
| Never smoker | 43.9 (523/1192) | 45.8 (497/1086) | 45.6 (324/711) | 48.7 (132/271) | 39.8 (37/93) | ||
| Median (5%/95%) | Median (5%/95%) | Median (5%/95%) | Median (5%/95%) | Median (5%/95%) | |||
| Alcohol consumption: Units per week in the past 12 months | 5.5 (0.0/25.0) | 6.0 (0.0/28.0) | 0.102e | 6.0 (0.0/28.0) | 7.0 (0.0/28.0) | 5.0 (0.0/25.0) | 0.329g |
| Mean (95% CI) | Mean (95% CI) | Mean (95% CI) | Mean (95% CI) | Mean (95% CI) | |||
| Body mass index | 26.1 (25.9–26.4) | 25.8 (25.6–26.1) | 0.131f | 25.8 (25.5–26.1) | 25.9 (25.4–26.5) | 25.6 (24.7–26.5) | 0.302g |
a
The participants were screened for HLA DQ8 and HLA DQ2 with the Celiac Gene Screen test, and the alleles associated with CD were identified by the Celiac Gene Alleles test (BioDiagene, Palermo, Italy, distributed by Thermo Fisher Scientific, Allerød, Denmark).
b
P value for the difference between all HLA DQ2- and DQ8-positive versus negative.
c
P value for the difference between the four groups: all HLA DQ2- and DQ8-negative, HLA DQ2-positive, HLA DQ8-positive, and both HLA DQ8- and DQ2-positive.
d
Chi-square test.
e
Wilcoxon two-sample test.
f
Independent samples t test.
g
Kruskal–Wallis test.
CD: celiac disease; HLA: human leukocyte antigen.