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. 2018 Jul 9;9:1453. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01453

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Copyright © 2018 van Hal, Steinig, Andersson, Holden, Harris, Nimmo, Williamson, Heffernan, Ritchie, Kearns, Ellington, Dickson, de Lencastre, Coombs, Bentley, Parkhill, Holt, Giffard and Tong.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Transmission of ST93-MRSA-IVa in Australia and New Zealand. Phylogenetic diffusion of ST93 within New Zealand based on discrete traits implemented using SpreaD3. Oceania region is depicted with the outlined area (New Zealand) enlarged in insert B. White open circles represent the origin of the isolate. For isolates from the same location a jiggle factor is included such that intra-local diffusion is visible. Connecting colored lines represent the ethnicity of the host as shown in the legend. Circular polygons are proportional to the number of tree lineages maintaining that location. Indigenous ethnicity reflects either an Aboriginal Torres Strait Islander (Australian) or Maori (New Zealand) host. The analysis shows that within New Zealand maintenance of ST93 is centered on Auckland within the Maori and Pacific Islander communities and that introductions of this clone are linked to travel between New Zealand and Australia.