. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Mar 1.

Published in final edited form as: Plant Ecol. 2018 Jun 22;219(9):1021–1028. doi: 10.1007/s11258-018-0854-y

Table 1.

Biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) blend emitted during seven minutes after straight cuts to the leaf lamina and transversal cuts to the leaf midrib of mature aspen (Populus tremula) leaves. The seven-minute integrated emission is expressed in picomol of compound per unit surface area (mm²) of open wound exposed after the cut (calculated from the leaf lamina thickness, midrib diameter, and cut length) or expressed in nanomol per unit cut length (mm). When average lamina and midrib cut BVOC emissions were significantly different (P < 0.05, Mann-Whitney U test), P-values were shown in bold.

Compound	Molecular formula of the protonated compound	Protonated molecular mass of the parent ion	Average (± SE) volatile emission per wound surface (pmol mm⁻²)			Average (± SE) volatile emission per cut length (nmol mm⁻¹)

			Lamina	Midrib	P-value	Lamina	Midrib	P-value
Lightweight oxygenated compounds			1,230 ± 60	8,600 ± 500	< 0.001	253 ± 14	2820 ± 170	< 0.001

Formaldehyde	CH₃O⁺	31.018	3.03 ± 0.35	14.5 ± 2.7	< 0.001	0.62 ± 0.07	4.9 ± 1.0	< 0.001
Methanol	CH₅O⁺	33.034	407 ± 30	4,760 ± 280	< 0.001	85 ± 7	1580 ± 110	< 0.001
Acetaldehyde	C₂H₅O⁺	45.034	770 ± 50	3,680 ± 340	< 0.001	159 ± 12	1200 ± 100	< 0.001
Formic acid	CH₃O₂⁺	47.013	8.3 ± 1.0	13.2 ± 2.0	0.031	1.70 ± 0.20	4.3 ± 0.7	< 0.001
Ethanol	C₂H₇O⁺	47.049	9.8 ± 0.9	27.0 ± 4.2	< 0.001	2.01 ± 0.19	12.7 ± 0.8	< 0.001
Acetone	C₃H₇O⁺	59.049	14.2 ± 1.2	40.1 ± 3.1	< 0.001	2.92 ± 0.24	12.2 ± 1.0	< 0.001
Acetic acid	C₂H₅O₂⁺	61.028	9.7 ± 0.8	27 ± 4.2	< 0.001	2.01 ± 0.18	9.0 ± 1.4	< 0.001

Lipoxygenase pathway products			1,760 ± 100	10,100 ± 1,000	< 0.001	360 ± 21	3320 ± 300	< 0.001

Pentenal + pentenone	C₅H₉O⁺	85.065	14.4 ± 0.8	77 ± 9	< 0.001	2.95 ± 0.17	25.1 ± 2.6	< 0.001
Pentanal + pentenol	C₅H₁₁O⁺	87.080	4.19 ± 0.34	14.6 ± 2.1	< 0.001	0.86 ± 0.07	4.7 ± 0.6	< 0.001
Hexenal	C₆H₁₁O⁺	99.080	1600 ± 100	9,100 ± 900	< 0.001	330 ± 20	2980 ± 270	< 0.001
Hexenol + hexanal	C₆H₁₃O⁺	101.096	139 ± 9	920 ± 90	< 0.001	28.2 ± 2.1	307 ± 29	< 0.001
Hexanol	C₆H₁₅O⁺	103.112	2.13 ± 0.12	8.5 ± 0.7	< 0.001	0.437 ± 0.024	2.81 ± 0.22	< 0.001
Hexenyl acetate	C₈H₁₅O₂⁺	143.107	0.473 ± 0.034	1.85 ± 0.18	< 0.001	0.098 ± 0.007	0.612 ± 0.060	< 0.001
Hexyl acetate	C₈H₁₇O₂⁺	145.122	0.051 ± 0.007	0.336 ± 0.044	< 0.001	0.0104 ± 0.0014	0.107 ± 0.014	< 0.001
Jasmonic acid	C₁₂H₁₉O₃⁺	211.133	0.049 ± 0.012	0.039 ± 0.008	0.002	0.0103 ± 0.0026	0.0121 ± 0.0022	< 0.001
Methyl jasmonate	C₁₃H₂₁O₃⁺	225.146	0.048 ± 0.008	0.107 ± 0.012	0.017	0.0099 ± 0.0016	0.0361 ± 0.0046	< 0.001

Benzenoids			0.105 ± 0.015	0.259 ± 0.044	< 0.001	0.0213 ± 0.0030	0.083 ± 0.013	< 0.001

Methyl benzoate	C₈H₉O₂⁺	137.060	0.074 ± 0.011	0.089 ± 0.011	0.33	0.0151 ±0.0023	0.0312 ± 0.0043	0.004
Methyl salicylate	C₈H₉O₃⁺	153.055	0.058 ± 0.006	0.21 ± 0.05	0.006	0.0118 ± 0.0013	0.064 ± 0.015	< 0.001

Induced isoprenoids (isoprenoids other than isoprene)			0.626 ± 0.045	1.65 ± 0.13	< 0.001	0.129 ± 0.009	0.542 ± 0.042	< 0.001

Monoterpenes	C₁₀H₁₇⁺	137.133	0.367 ± 0.026	0.72 ± 0.09	< 0.001	0.075 ± 0.005	0.237 ± 0.028	< 0.001
DMNT ^a	C₁₁H₁₉⁺	151.148	0.074 ± 0.008	0.25 ± 0.05	0.016	0.0152 ± 0.0017	0.081 ± 0.016	0.001
Monoterpene alcohol	C₁₀H₁₉O⁺	155.143	0.139 ± 0.016	0.144 ± 0.006	0.46	0.0286 ± 0.0033	0.0467 ± 0.0028	< 0.001
Sesquiterpenes	C₁₅H₂₅⁺	205.195	0.075 ± 0.011	0.382 ± 0.048	< 0.001	0.0152 ± 0.0023	0.128 ± 0.018	< 0.001
TMTT ^b	C₁₆H₂₇⁺	219.211	0.084 ± 0.015	0.182 ± 0.018	< 0.001	0.0177 ± 0.0032	0.059 ± 0.005	< 0.001

BVOC sum			2980 ± 150	18700 ± 1400	< 0.001	610 ± 30	6150 ± 450	< 0.001

^(a)

(E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene;

^(b)

(E,E)-4,8,12-trimethyl-1,3,7,11-tridecatetraene.