Table 3. Evidence for Cell Cycle Dependent Changes of Wnt Pathway Components.
| Protein | Cell Cycle/phase1 | Note | Method2 | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| β-catenin | G2/M | phosphorylated by NEK2, regulates centrosome cohesion | IF, WB, synchronization | (Olmeda et al., 2003; Bahmanyar et al., 2008; Kaplan et al., 2004; Mbom et al., 2014) |
| β-catenin | G2/M | rapid centrosomal turnover by proteasome, centrosomal localization negatively regulates Wnt-dependent cell fate | IF | (Vora and Phillips, 2015) |
| DVL2/DVL3 | G2/M | scaffold for centrosomal linker proteins | IF, WB, Fucci | (Cervenka et al., 2016) |
| DVL2 | G2/M | regulates spindle orientation | IF | (Kikuchi et al., 2010) |
| DVL2 | G0 | controls planar polarization and apical docking of basal bodies | IF | (Park et al., 2008) |
| Axin2 | G2/M, degraded after mitosis | alters β-catenin phosphorylation and centrosome cohesion | IF | (Hadjihannas, Bruckner, and Behrens, 2010) |
| Axin | G2/M, meiosis | regulated by Aurora A kinase, influence PLK1 and GSK3 activity | IF, FACS | (Kim et al., 2009) |
| Axin | meiosis | knockdown leads to abnormal meiotic spindles and misaligned chromosomes | IF | (He et al., 2016) |
| APC | G2/M | microtubule growth and elongation, stabilization of mitotic spindles, mitosis - stronger binding of APC to centrosome, slow and fast kinetics | IF | (Dikovskaya, Newton, and Nathke, 2004; Lui et al., 2016), |
| APC | G2/M | influences spindle orientation and asymmetric cell division | IF | (Yamashita, Jones, and Fuller, 2003) |
| APC2 | G2/M | ensures mitotic fidelity, binding to Axin is important for cytoskeletal regulation, induces ectopic furrows | IF | (Poulton et al., 2013; McCartney et al., 2001) |
| Fz2 | cytokinesis | together with DVL2, Wnt5a dependent | IF | (Fumoto et al., 2012) |
| LRP6 | G2/M | phosphorylation by Cyclin Y/Pftk1 | WB, IF, FACS | (Hadjihannas, Bruckner, and Behrens, 2010) |
| CYLD | G2/M | astral microtubule stabilization by dishevelled-NuMA-dynein/dynactin complex | synchronization, WB | (Yang et al., 2014) |
| CK1α | G2/M | IF | (Brockman et al., 1992) | |
| CK1δ | G0 | delta, blocks primary ciliogenesis, disrupts cis-Golgi organization | IF | (Greer et al., 2014) |
| GSK-3β | interphase, mitosis | phosphorylated in mitosis, inhibition affects astral microtubule length and chromosome alignment | IF, WB | (Mbom et al., 2014) |
1
Indicates the cell cycle phase where the highest increase was observed
2
Methods used for the detection of cell cycle dependent changes: IF (immunofluorescence), WB (Western blotting), FACS – flow cytometry, synchronization – chemical synchronization, Fucci - Fluorescent ubiquitination-based cell cycle indicator