Table 3.
Baseline participant characteristics
| Range for Scale Scores | Summary Statistics | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C+NRT (n=185) | Counseling (n=93) | All (n=278) | |||
| DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS | |||||
| Age, mean(SD) | 48.6 (11.6) | 49.0 (11.8) | 48.7 (11.7) | ||
| Gender, n (%) | |||||
| Female | 94 (50.8) | 47 (50.5) | 141 (50.7) | ||
| Male | 91 (49.2) | 46 (49.5) | 137 (49.3) | ||
| Cohabitation Status, n (%) | |||||
| Married or living with a partner | 48 (26.0) | 17 (18.3) | 65 (23.4) | ||
| Employment Status, n (%) | |||||
| Employed full-time | 45 (24.3) | 29 (31.2) | 74 (26.6) | ||
| Employed part-time or seasonally | 37 (20.0) | 20 (21.5) | 57 (20.5) | ||
| Not currently employed | 63 (34.1) | 34 (36.6) | 97 (34.9) | ||
| Retired | 27 (14.6) | 4 (4.3) | 31 (11.2) | ||
| Student/Homemaker | 13 (7.0) | 6 (6.5) | 19 (6.8) | ||
| Education Level, n (%) | |||||
| Less than high school (HS) graduate | 27 (14.6) | 13 (14.0) | 40 (14.4) | ||
| HS graduate or HS equivalent (GED) | 53 (28.7) | 23 (24.7) | 76 (27.3) | ||
| Some college or tech school | 75 (40.5) | 45 (48.4) | 120 (43.2) | ||
| College graduate or higher | 30 (16.2) | 12 (12.9) | 42 (15.1) | ||
| Health Insurance that Pays for Most Medical Care, n (%) | |||||
| No | 39 (21.1) | 26 (28.0) | 65 (23.4) | ||
| Yes | 146 (78.9) | 67 (72.0) | 213 (76.6) | ||
| Household Income in Thousands, mean (SD) | 26.9 (24.3) | 28.8 (31.7) | 27.5 (2.7) | ||
| Refused/Don’t Know | 18 (9.7) | 14 (15.1) | 32 (11.5) | ||
| Number of people in household, including self, mean (SD) | 2.3 (1.6) | 2.5 (1.7) | 2.4 (1.7) | ||
| Poverty level, n (%) | |||||
| Missing | 18 (9.7) | 14 (15.1) | 32 (11.5) | ||
| ≤100 | 79 (42.7) | 38 (40.9) | 117 (42.1) | ||
| 101–200 | 41 (22.2) | 20 (21.5) | 61 (21.9) | ||
| 201–250 | 17 (9.2) | 8 (8.6) | 25 (9.0) | ||
| 251–300 | 8 (4.3) | 4 (4.3) | 12 (4.3) | ||
| 301–400 | 10 (5.4) | 2 (2.2) | 12 (4.3) | ||
| > 400% | 12 (6.4) | 7 (7.5) | 19 (6.8) | ||
| Housing, n (%) | |||||
| Own a home | 25 (13.5) | 7 (7.5) | 32 (11.5) | ||
| Rent or stay with others | 160 (86.5) | 86 (92.5) | 246 (88.5) | ||
| Perceived Health, n (%) | |||||
| Good, Fair, or Poor | 142 (76.8) | 71 (76.3) | 213 (76.6) | ||
| Very good/Excellent | 43 (23.2) | 22 (23.7) | 65 (23.4) | ||
| Height in inches, mean(SD) | 67.6 (3.9) | 67.1 (3.6) | 67.4 (3.8) | ||
| Weight in pounds, mean(SD) | 203.5 (57.7) | 202.0 (58.4) | 203.0 (57.8) | ||
| BMI, mean(SD) | 31.3 (8.7) | 31.7 (9.8) | 31.5 (9.1) | ||
| TOBACCO USE CHARACTERISTICS | |||||
| Age when you started smoking regularly, mean (SD) | 21.0 (8.2) | 22.5 (9.9) | 21.5 (8.8) | ||
| Days smoked cigarettes in last 30, mean (SD) | 10.6 (3.9) | 10.4 (3.9) | 10.6 (3.9) | ||
| Number of cigarettes used on days smoked, mean (SD) | 4.8 (3.6) | 4.4 (3.2) | 4.7 (3.5) | ||
| Non-daily smoker type, n (%) | |||||
| Native (i.e., always been a non-daily smoker) | 55 (29.7) | 24 (25.8) | 79 (28.4) | ||
| Converted (i.e., formerly a daily smoker) | 130 (70.3) | 69 (74.2) | 199 (71.6) | ||
| Length of time as a non-daily smokers in years, mean (SD) | 6.9 (9.7) | 7.1 (10.4) | 7.0 (9.9) | ||
| Length of time as a non-daily smoker by category, n (%) | |||||
| 3–6 months | 26 (14.1) | 7 (7.5) | 33 (11.9) | ||
| 7–11 months | 28 (15.1) | 11 (11.8) | 39 (14.0) | ||
| 12 months or greater | 131 (70.8) | 75 (80.7) | 206 (74.1) | ||
| Reasons for smoking some but not all days, n (%) [check all that apply] | |||||
| Health | 96 (51.9) | 41 (44.1) | 137 (49.3) | ||
| Trying to cut back or quit | 158 (85.4) | 74 (80.0) | 232 (83.5) | ||
| Cost/can’t afford to smoke more | 84 (45.4) | 51 (54.8) | 135 (48.6) | ||
| Don’t have strong cravings or urges to smoke more | 113 (61.1) | 49 (52.7) | 162 (58.3) | ||
| Have control over smoking; can chose when and when not to smoke | 107 (57.8) | 47 (50.5) | 154 (55.4) | ||
| Only smoke in certain situations | 154 (83.2) | 81 (87.1) | 235 (84.5) | ||
| Because those around you disapprove | 67 (36.2) | 34 (36.6) | 101 (36.3) | ||
| Use of other tobacco products in the past 30 days, n (%) yesa | 58 (31.3) | 36 (38.7) | 94 (33.8) | ||
| Number of days used other tobacco products | 4.9 (4.5) | 4.4 (4.6) | 4.7 (4.5) | ||
| Average amount used per day | 2.1 (1.6) | 1.6 (1.0) | 1.9 (1.5) | ||
| Menthol smoker, n (%) | |||||
| Non-Menthol | 35 (18.9) | 14 (15.1) | 49 (17.6) | ||
| Menthol | 150 (81.1) | 79 (85.0) | 229 (82.4) | ||
| Nicotine Dependence, “How soon after waking do you first smoke,” n (%) | |||||
| After 30 minutes | 100 (54.1) | 51 (54.8) | 151 (54.3) | ||
| Within 30 minutes | 85 (46.0) | 42 (45.2) | 127 (45.7) | ||
| Withdrawal, mean(SD) | 0–32 | 10.3 (7.0) | 11.7 (7.5) | 10.8 (7.2) | |
| Craving, mean(SD) | 10–70 | 24.5 (15.2) | 25.7 (14.9) | 24.9 (15.1) | |
| Dependence Motives (WISDM Brief)b, mean (SD) | |||||
| Total | 11–77 | 32.6 (12.3) | 33.3 (12.5) | 32.8 (12.4) | |
| Primary dependence motives | 1–7 | 3.2 (1.4) | 3.2 (1.4) | 3.2 (1.4) | |
| Secondary dependence motives | 1–7 | 2.8 (1.1) | 2.9 (1.1) | 2.9 (1.1) | |
| SOCIAL INFLUENCES ON SMOKING | |||||
| Social Smoking, “In the past 30 days, did you smoke…” n (%) | |||||
| Mainly when with others | 53 (28.7) | 22 (23.7) | 75 (27.0) | ||
| Mainly when alone | 65 (35.1) | 38 (40.9) | 103 (37.1) | ||
| As often alone as with others | 67 (36.2) | 33 (35.5) | 100 (36.0) | ||
| Number of your five best friends smoke, mean(SD) | 0–5 | 3.0 (1.6) | 2.9 (1.7) | 3.0 (1.6) | |
| Number of smokers in the home (including self), mean(SD) | 1.9 (7.2) | 1.8 (3.1) | 1.9 (6.1) | ||
| Partner smoking status, n (%) | |||||
| No partner/spouse | 79 (42.7) | 46 (49.5) | 125 (45.0) | ||
| Partner/spouse is a non-smoker | 42 (22.7) | 22 (23.7) | 64 (23.0) | ||
| Partner/spouse is a smoker | 64 (34.6) | 25 (26.9) | 89 (32.0) | ||
| QUITTING HISTORY | |||||
| Number of 24 hour quit attempts in past year, mean (SD) | 7.3 (28.2) | 5.7 (15.6) | 6.8 (24.7) | ||
| Longest quit attempt in the past year, mean (SD) in months | 1.1 (1.7) | 1.3 (1.8) | 1.1 (1.7) | ||
| Use of quitting aids (i.e., behavioral or pharmacological), n (%) ever | 103 (55.7) | 54 (58.1) | 157 (56.5) | ||
| DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMOLOGY, ALCOHOL, MARIJUANA, AND PRESCRIPTION PAIN USE | |||||
| Depressive symptoms (PHQ-2 ≥ 3), n (%) | 0–6 | 39 (21.1) | 23 (24.7) | 62 (22.3) | |
| Alcohol misuse (AUDIT-C ≥ 3 for women and ≥ 4 for men), n (%) | 91(49.2) | 47 (50.5) | 138 (49.6) | ||
| Marijuana, n (%) of participants who used in the past 30 days | 56 (30.3) | 23 (24.7) | 79 (28.4) | ||
| Refused | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.1) | 1 (0.4) | ||
| Prescription pain relievers, n (%) of participants who used in the past 30 days | 75 (40.5) | 33 (35.5) | 108 (38.9) | ||
a
Daily users of non-cigarette other tobacco products, not including electronic cigarettes, were excluded at eligibility screening
b
Primary dependence motives include automaticity, craving, loss of control, and tolerance. Secondary dependence motives include affective enhancement, affiliative attachment, cognitive enhancement, cue exposure, social/environmental goads, taste, and weight control. Total dependence motives are a sum of all 11 subscales.