Table 1. Family sociodemographic and participant characteristics at the 30 months postpartum follow-up visit.
| Characteristics | Intervention | Control | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mother-child pairs, n | 100 | 96 | |
| Child age (months), mean (SD) | 30.4 (0.7) | 30.3 (0.6) | 0.4338a |
| Child gender, n (%) | 0.9766c | ||
| Male | 55 (55.0) | 53 (55.2) | |
| Female | 45 (45.0) | 43 (44.8) | |
| Child weight (kg), mean (SD) | 12.34 (1.36) | 12.30 (1.47) | 0.8339b |
| Child height (cm), mean (SD) | 88.24 (3.03) | 88.24 (3.13) | 0.9952b |
| Child mid-arm circumference (cm), mean (SD) | 15.46 (1.23) | 15.56 (1.23) | 0.5638b |
| Child weight for age z-score, mean (SD) | -0.6 (0.9) | -0.6 (0.9) | 0.7791b |
| Child height for age z-score, mean (SD) | -1.1 (0.8) | -1.1 (0.9) | 0.9750b |
| Mother age (years), mean (SD) | 26.5 (2.6) | 26.8 (3.0) | 0.9759a |
| Mother BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 20.5 (2.1) | 20.8 (2.3) | 0.4455b |
| Annual household income (×106 VND), n (%) | 0.4803c | ||
| Poor (≤72) | 24 (24.0) | 25 (26.0) | |
| Near-poor (>72- ≤96) | 18 (18.0) | 25 (26.0) | |
| Average (>96- ≤120) | 31 (31.0) | 25 (26.0) | |
| Good or rich (>120) | 27 (27.0) | 21 (21.9) | |
| Mother education level, n (%) | 0.8708c | ||
| Primary or secondary | 23 (23.0) | 25 (26.0) | |
| High school | 38 (38.0) | 34 (35.4) | |
| College/university or higher | 39 (39.0) | 37 (38.5) | |
| Father education level, n (%) | 0.1644c | ||
| Primary or secondary | 26 (26.0) | 36 (38.3) | |
| High school | 44 (44.0) | 32 (34.0) | |
| College/university or higher | 30 (30.0) | 26 (27.7) | |
| Father alcohol consumption, n (%) | 0.2731c | ||
| None | 34 (34.3) | 24 (25.3) | |
| <1 day/month | 5 (5.1) | 11 (11.6) | |
| 1–3 days/month | 31 (31.3) | 37 (39.0) | |
| 1–2 days/week | 22 (22.2) | 17 (17.9) | |
| ≥3 days/week | 7 (7.1) | 6 (6.3) | |
| Father smoking, n (%) | 0.4154c | ||
| Yes | 40 (40.4) | 33 (34.7) | |
| No | 59 (59.6) | 62 (65.3) | |
| Total smoking in household (sticks/day), mean (SD) | 4.3 (6.9) | 3.8 (6.2) | 0.5753a |
| Food fortified using vegetable oil, n (%) | 0.9321c | ||
| Yes | 92 (92.0) | 88 (91.7) | |
| No | 8 (8.0) | 8 (8.33) | |
| Home environment questionnaire score, mean (SD) | 6.2 (1.5) | 6.5 (1.4) | 0.1883a |
| Child eating behavior questionnaire score, mean (SD) | 3.1 (0.4) | 3.1 (0.5) | 0.4809a |
SD, standard deviation; VND, Vietnamese Dong, 1 US dollar is equivalent to 22681 VMD.
a P-value from Wilcoxon rank-sum test.
b P-value from two-sample t-test.
c P-value from Chi-squared test.