Table 1.

Association between VDR gene polymorphisms and autoimmune diseases

	Author	Year	Disease subject	Healthy control	Polymorphism	Association	Ref. no.
Multiple sclerosis	Cox et al.	2012	726	604	TaqI, FokI	Only weak association between TaqI and MS.	[48]
	Sioka et al.	2011	69	81	BsmI, TaqI	No.	[47]
	Simon et al.	2010	214	428	ApaI, BsmI, TaqI, FokI, Cdx2	No. But dietary intake of vitamin D was inversely related to MS risk in only the MS patients with the FokI ff genotype.	[35]
	Smolders et al.	2009	212	289	ApaI, TaqI	No.	[45]
	Smolders et al.	2009	212	289	FokI	No. But the F allele was associated with lower serum 25(OH)D levels in both MS patients and controls. However, the F-allele corresponded with higher 1,25 (OH)2D levels in MS patients.	[22]
	Tajouri et al.	2005	104	104	ApaI, TaqI, FokI	Yes. Only the frequency of the TaqI allele/genotype and the ApaI allele was different between MS patients and controls.	[34]
	Niino et al.	2000	77	95	ApaI	Yes. The ApaI A allele/AA genotype were more prevalent in MS patients than in controls.	[39]
	Fukazawa et al.	1999	77	95	BsmI	Yes. The BsmI b allele/bb genotype were more prevalent in MS patients than in controls.	[36]
Type 1 diabetes mellitus	Mohammadnejad et al.	2012	87	100	ApaI, BsmI, TaqI, FokI	Yes. Only the frequency of the TaqI T allele/TT genotype was higher in controls compared to T1DM patients.	[32]
	Gogas Yavuz et al.	2011	117	134	ApaI, BsmI, TaqI, FokI	No.	[31]
	Panierakis et al.	2009	100	96	ApaI, BsmI, TaqI, FokI	Yes. The ApaI A allele/AA genotype and the TaqI T allele/TT genotype were more frequent in T1DM patients, whereas the BsmI B allele/BB genotype and the FokI F allele/FF genotype were less frequent in T1DM.	[30]
	Shimada et al.	2008	774	599	BsmI	Yes. The BB genotype frequency was significantly higher in T1DM patients compared to controls.	[42]
	Lemos et al.	2008	207	249	ApaI, BsmI, TaqI, FokI	No.	[29]
	Capoluongo et al.	2006	246	246	BsmI, FokI	Yes. Only the frequency of the FokI ff genotype was higher in TIDM patients compared to controls.	[28]
	Audi et al.	2004	89	116	BsmI, FokI	Yes. The frequency of the FokI ff genotype was lower in T1DM patients compared to controls.	[27]
	Gyorffy et al.	2002	107	103	ApaI, BsmI, FokI, Tru9I	No.	[26]
	Fassbender et al.	2002	75	57	BsmI, TaqI, FokI	Yes. Only the frequency of the TaqI TT genotype was higher in T1DM patients than in controls.	[25]
	Taverna et al.	2002	101	99	TaqI	Yes. The frequency of the TT genotype was lower in T1DM patients compared to controls.	[41]
	Ban et al.	2001	110	250	Fok I	Yes. There was a higher prevalence of the F allele/FF genotype in T1DM patients compared to controls.	[24]
	Chang et al.	2000	157	248	ApaI, BsmI, TaqI	Yes. Only the allelic frequency of the BsmI B allele was higher in T1DM patients than in controls.	[37]
Systemic lupus erythematosus	Luo et al.	2012	337	239	BsmI	Yes. The alleic frequency of the B allele, but not the frequency of the BB genotype, was higher in SLE patients compared to controls.	[43]
	Monticielo et al.	2012	195	201	BsmI, FokI	No. But 25(OH)D concentrations were significantly higher in SLE patients carrying the FokI ff genotype compared with patients carrying the FF genotype.	[23]
	Abbasi et al.	2010	60	45	BsmI	No.	[46]
	Sakulpipatsin et al.	2006	101	194	BsmI	No.	[44]
	Huang et al.	2002	52	90	FokI	No.	[33]
	Huang et al.	2002	47	90	BsmI	Yes. The distribution of the B allele/BB genotype was increased in SLE patients.	[40]
	Ozaki et al.	2000	58	87	BsmI	Yes. The frequency of the BB genotype was significantly higher in SLE patients than in controls.	[38]