Table 3.

Weighted Estimates of Adjusted Odds Ratios (AORs) in Logistic Regression Models Examining Differences in Selected Student Attitudes and Behaviors as Function of NMUPS Among Subgroups of High School Seniors (2009–2015 MTF^a).

Attitudes and Behaviors	Non-Users (Sample Size)b,c,d	Past-Year NMUPS-SE only, AOR (95% CI)	Past-Year NMUPS-SE and non-SE, AOR (95% CI)	Past-Year NMUPS-non-SE only, AOR (95% CI)
Academic achievement
Which of the following best describes your average grade so far in high school?
C+, C, C-, D (79 or below)	Reference (13 975)	1.26 (0.58–2.74)	2.02 (1.42–2.87)e	1.96 (1.47–2.63)e
Academic cheating
How do you think most students in your classes would feel if you cheated on a test?
They would like it very much, They would like it, or They would not care	Reference (13 232)	1.69 (0.48–5.91)	3.56 (2.08–6.10)e	1.70 (1.12–2.59)f
Binge drinking
During the last 2 weeks, how many times have you had 5 or more drinks in a row?
Yes, binge drinking	Reference (13 841)	6.05 (3.24–11.31)e	7.56 (5.72–9.99)e	5.93 (4.63–7.60)e
Cigarette smoking
Have you smoked cigarettes during the past 30 days?
Yes, cigarette smoking	Reference (14 658)	2.97 (1.64–5.40)e	7.74 (5.89–10.16)e	7.59 (5.99–9.62)e
Marijuana use
Have you used marijuana during the last 12 months?
Yes, marijuana use	Reference (14 809)	7.94 (3.30–19.08)e	19.79 (12.93–30.29)e	11.90 (8.49–16.67)e
Opioid PDM (past 12 months)
Yes, opioid nonmedical use (during the past-year)	Reference (14 358)	5.45 (2.52–11.77)e	24.14 (18.19–32.02)e	18.48 (14.29–23.88)e
Skipped class
During the last 4 weeks, how many whole days of school have you missed because you skipped or “cut”?
Skipped one or more days	Reference (13 661)	1.56 (0.86–2.83)	3.62 (2.71–4.83)e	2.26 (1.76–2.90)e
Route of administration
Nonoral routes of administration	(766)	Reference	1.87 (0.46–7.52)	2.32 (0.57–9.38)
Subjective high
Moderately/very high	(764)	Reference	16.69 (4.84–57.56)e	17.07 (5.00–58.26)e
Expected future use
I definitely/probably will	(762)	Reference	1.38 (0.60–3.20)	0.86 (0.37–1.99)

Abbreviations: NMUPS, nonmedical use of prescription stimulants; NMUPS-SE only, nonmedical use of prescription stimulants for study enhancement only; NMUPS-SE and non-SE, nonmedical use of prescription stimulants for both study enhancement and nonstudy enhancement purposes; NMUPS non-SE only, NMUPS for nonstudy enhancement purposes only; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; Monitoring the Future (MTF) Study; PDM, Prescription Drug Misuse.

^aSource: 2009 to 2015 MTF; weighted estimates.

^bSample sizes for the regression models ranged from 13 232 (student feelings about cheating) to 14 809 (past-year marijuana use) due to missing data.

^cReference = Reference group for each multivariate logistic regression model.

^dRace/ethnicity and highest parental education were used as covariates in our regression analyses due to their significant associations with the 4-category NMUPS variable (see Table 1).

^eP < .001.

^fP < .05.