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. 2018 Jul 16;8:10686. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-28959-w

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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XPS spectra of full survey (a) and deconvoluted C_1s (b, c) binding energy region for graphene film electrodes before and after surface electrochemical oxidation, where solid and dash lines represent the experimental data and the single-peak gaussian profile of each designated binding energy region, respectively.