Table 1.
Cellular target | New potential therapeutic approach | Suggested function | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Viral entry | |||
Serine proteases | Camostat | Inhibits HA0 cleavage | Yamaya et al. (35) |
V-ATPase | Diphyllin | Inhibits endosomal acidification | Chen et al. (46) |
Acid phosphatase 2 | siRNA | Indirectly disrupts cholesterol homeostasis | Lee et al. (52) |
Nuclear import | |||
Importins | Ivermectin | Inhibits nuclear import of viral ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) complex | Gotz et al. (65) |
Genomic replication and protein synthesis | |||
Cdc2-like kinase 1 | Clypearin | Attenuates M2 splicing | Zu et al. (69) |
RNA polymerase II | Cyclosporine A | Inhibits viral mRNA export | Ma et al. (73) |
Nuclear RNA export factor 1 | PD1 | Inhibits viral RNA export | Morita et al. (75) |
Eukaryotic initiation factor-4A | a. Silvestrol b. Pateamine A |
Inhibits mRNA translation | Slaine et al. (80) |
vRNP complex nuclear export | |||
XPO1 | a. Verdinexor b. DP2392-E10 |
Inhibit vRNP complex nuclear export | a. Perwitasari et al. (95, 96) b. Chutiwitoonchai et al. (98) |
CypA | Cyclosporine A | Promotes M1 degradation | Liu et al. (72, 101) |
CD151 | siRNA | Inhibits vRNP complex nuclear export | Qiao Y. et al. (102) |
MEK | CI-1040 | Inhibits MEK to suppress phosphorylation of myosin light chain leading to nuclear retention of vRNP complex | Haasbach et al. (109) |
Formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2) | WRW4 | Inhibits activation of Raf/MEK/ERK by the ligation of AnxA1 to FPR2 | Courtin et al. (111) |
Viral component apical transport | |||
KIF13A | To be determined | Blocks vRNP apical transport | Ramos-Nascimento et al. (117) |
Histone deacetylase 6 | To be determined | Regulates microtubule stability | Husain et al. (120) |
AnxA6 | To be determined | Reduces plasma membrane cholesterol level and decreases virion egress or stability | Musiol et al. (55) |
Cholesterol | U18666A | Reduces plasma membrane cholesterol level and decreases virion egress | Musiol et al. (55) |
α2-adrenergic receptors | Clonidine | Reduces intracellular cAMP to impair Influenza A virus HA plasma membrane transport | Matsui et al. (127) |
Other | |||
Cholesterol | a. Gemfibrozil b. Iovastatin |
Reduces progeny virus stability and infectivity | Bajimaya et al. (126) |