Table 1.
Advancements on targeting host factors for antivirals.
| Cellular target | New potential therapeutic approach | Suggested function | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Viral entry | |||
| Serine proteases | Camostat | Inhibits HA0 cleavage | Yamaya et al. (35) |
| V-ATPase | Diphyllin | Inhibits endosomal acidification | Chen et al. (46) |
| Acid phosphatase 2 | siRNA | Indirectly disrupts cholesterol homeostasis | Lee et al. (52) |
| Nuclear import | |||
| Importins | Ivermectin | Inhibits nuclear import of viral ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) complex | Gotz et al. (65) |
| Genomic replication and protein synthesis | |||
| Cdc2-like kinase 1 | Clypearin | Attenuates M2 splicing | Zu et al. (69) |
| RNA polymerase II | Cyclosporine A | Inhibits viral mRNA export | Ma et al. (73) |
| Nuclear RNA export factor 1 | PD1 | Inhibits viral RNA export | Morita et al. (75) |
| Eukaryotic initiation factor-4A | a. Silvestrol b. Pateamine A |
Inhibits mRNA translation | Slaine et al. (80) |
| vRNP complex nuclear export | |||
| XPO1 | a. Verdinexor b. DP2392-E10 |
Inhibit vRNP complex nuclear export | a. Perwitasari et al. (95, 96) b. Chutiwitoonchai et al. (98) |
| CypA | Cyclosporine A | Promotes M1 degradation | Liu et al. (72, 101) |
| CD151 | siRNA | Inhibits vRNP complex nuclear export | Qiao Y. et al. (102) |
| MEK | CI-1040 | Inhibits MEK to suppress phosphorylation of myosin light chain leading to nuclear retention of vRNP complex | Haasbach et al. (109) |
| Formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2) | WRW4 | Inhibits activation of Raf/MEK/ERK by the ligation of AnxA1 to FPR2 | Courtin et al. (111) |
| Viral component apical transport | |||
| KIF13A | To be determined | Blocks vRNP apical transport | Ramos-Nascimento et al. (117) |
| Histone deacetylase 6 | To be determined | Regulates microtubule stability | Husain et al. (120) |
| AnxA6 | To be determined | Reduces plasma membrane cholesterol level and decreases virion egress or stability | Musiol et al. (55) |
| Cholesterol | U18666A | Reduces plasma membrane cholesterol level and decreases virion egress | Musiol et al. (55) |
| α2-adrenergic receptors | Clonidine | Reduces intracellular cAMP to impair Influenza A virus HA plasma membrane transport | Matsui et al. (127) |
| Other | |||
| Cholesterol | a. Gemfibrozil b. Iovastatin |
Reduces progeny virus stability and infectivity | Bajimaya et al. (126) |