Table 3.

Average type 1 error rates of three statistics for testing causation, assuming presence of association.

	Type I error rate
Methods	α	N = 500	N = 1,000	N = 2,000
ANM Permutation	0.05	0.0341	0.0355	0.0337
	0.01	0.0094	0.0117	0.0103
ANM Entropy	0.05	0.1962	0.2014	0.2169
	0.01	0.1666	0.1679	0.1705
DC	0.05	0.0507	0.0511	0.0508
	0.01	0.0103	0.0093	0.0099