Table 2.

¹H-NMR targeted metabolomics data for choline treatment (13).

Metabolite a	WT	HET	HET+Cho	p-value
Ketoglutarate	0.041 ± 0.01	0.046 ± 0.004	0.039 ± 0.01	0.3968
Hydroxybutyrate	0.229 ± 0.035	0.210 ± 0.03	0.106 ± 0.02*#	0.0377
Acetate	0.082 ± 0.015	0.089 ± 0.01	0.024 ± 0.002*#	0.0110
Methylmalonate	0.031 ± 0.003	0.037 ± 0.005	0.031 ± 0.004	0.4810
Betaine	0.048 ± 0.004	0.053 ± 0.005	0.036 ± 0.004#	0.0397
Choline	0.018 ± 0.001	0.017 ± 0.002	0.015 ± 0.0004*	0.0430
Creatine	0.143 ± 0.01	0.141 ± 0.01	0.102 ± 0.01*#	0.0083
DMG	0.009 ± 0.001	0.006 ± 0.0005*	0.010 ± 0.0003*#	0.0328,0.0482
Sarcosine	0.010 ± 0.002	0.009 ± 0.001	0.003 ± 0.0004*#	0.0002
Taurine	0.517 ± 0.04	0.614 ± 0.05	0.219 ± 0.06*#	0.0105
Glucose	10.08 ± 0.68	12.96 ± 1.02*	12.24 ± 0.90*	0.0467,0.0493
Lactate	6.40 ± 0.57	7.30 ± 1.04	6.99 ± 0.53	0.8313
Glutamine	0.474 ± 0.02	0.614 ± 0.02*	0.575 ± 0.03*	0.0217,0.0326
Glycerol	1.19 ± 0.21	0.72 ± 0.06	2.26 ± 0.21*#	< 0.0001
Succinate	0.161 ± 0.02	0.257 ± 0.07	0.403 ± 0.06*	0.0181
Glycine	0.254 ± 0.01	0.276 ± 0.02	0.282 ± 0.05*	0.0455
Leucine	0.142 ± 0.015	0.147 ± 0.02	0.110 ± 0.005	0.1779
Isoleucine	0.108 ± 0.01	0.101 ± 0.015	0.075 ± 0.005	0.2290
Histidine	0.062 ± 0.003	0.063 ± 0.005	0.061 ± 0.004	0.7811
Lysine	0.289 ± 0.015	0.241 ± 0.02*	0.190 ± 0.01*#	0.0380,0.0248
Serine	0.178 ± 0.015	0.165 ± 0.02	0.180 ± 0.02	0.6545
Phenylalanine	0.073 ± 0.009	0.083 ± 0.007	0.063 ± 0.006	0.3728
Threonine	0.173 ± 0.01	0.185 ± 0.02	0.124 ± 0.01*	0.0423
Tyrosine	0.101 ± 0.01	0.100 ± 0.01	0.080 ± 0.015	0.2768
Alanine	0.456 ± 0.04	0.521 ± 0.06	0.444 ± 0.04	0.3881
Valine	0.242 ± 0.03	0.232 ± 0.03	0.258 ± 0.02	0.3118

^amM ± S.E.M; Shown are P-values for one-way ANOVA. Significant differences are in bold and compared relative to(^*)WT and(^#)HET groups.