Table 1.

List of studies included in the review and summary of key findings.

				Hallucinations and other perceptual changes			Other psychopathological changes
Citation	N	Setting (participant description)	Duration without sleep	% of participants positive findings	With Visual	Auditory	Somatosensory	Delusions	Disordered thoughts	Time distortions	Dissociation	Mood
(26)	207	Sleep laboratory (military)*	24 h	Not reported	✓	✓	✓					✓
(25)a	32	Sleep laboratory (students)*	24 h	43%	✓	✓	✓		✓	✓		✓
(31)	14	Hospital (medical interns)*	32 h (6% sleep)	Nil					✓		✓	✓
(18)	10	Laboratory (N/S)	48 h (n = 2); 72 h (n = 8)	60%	✓
(3)	25	Laboratory (military personnel)*	56 h	Not reported			✓	✓
(36)	3	Laboratory (staff/students)	60 h	100%	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
(29)	6	Laboratory (community)	64 h−115 h (2.5–4.7 days)	Nil	✓	✓	✓		✓		✓	✓
(37)	7	Hospital (medical students)*	72 h (3 days)	100%	✓	✓	✓		✓	✓	✓	✓
(33)	20	Talkathon (community)*	88 h	100%	✓		✓			✓	✓
(45)	3	N/S (community)	90 h	33%	✓				✓
(35)	6	Laboratory (medical students)	96 h (4 days)	100%	✓	✓		✓	✓
(30)	26	Research ward (military)*	98 h	46%	✓		✓		✓	✓	✓	✓
(34)	27	N/S (students)§	100 h	100%	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓		✓
(32)	350	Military camp (military)§	112 h	11%	✓	✓		✓				✓
(48)	4	Research ward (students)*	120 h (5 days)	100%	✓		✓		✓		✓	✓
(39)	12	Hospital (N/S)§	123 h	“Some”	✓	✓		✓	✓		✓	✓
(41)	1	Radio marathon (community)§	168 h (7 days)	N = 1 (yes)	✓	✓		✓	✓	✓		✓
(42)	4	Research ward (students)*	205 h (8 days)	100%	✓							✓
(28)	1	Home (community)§	231 h (9 days, 2% sleep)	N = 1 (yes)	✓							✓
(40)	1	Radio marathon (community)§	252 h (10 days)	N = 1 (yes)	✓							✓
(46)	1	Laboratory (community)§	264 h (11 days)	N = 1 (yes)	✓							✓

^*Study using questionnaires or symptom rating scales;

^§Study using mental health interviews or self-reports.

^aPetrovsky et al. (23) and Meyhöfer et al. (25) report on the same participants and only the former is reviewed here.