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. 2018 Jul 10;9:738. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00738

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Copyright © 2018 Keenan, Langenbach, Jativa, Harris, Li, Chen, Xia, Gao, Schuliga, Jaffar, Prodanovic, Tu, Berhan, Lee, Westall and Stewart.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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CK1δ and ε and their product phosphorylated period-2 are highly upregulated in the lungs of IPF patients. CK1δ, CK1ε, Period-2 and phospho-period 2 levels are greater in IPF (n = 6) compared to non-IPF donor lung (n = 6) parenchyma (representative IPF and non-IPF sections are accompanied by blinded assessments of staining (on a scale of 0–5) and tested by Mann–Whitney U-test. The bottom panel shows representative Non-IPF and IPF α-smooth muscle actin, a non-IPF isotype IgG control and Masson’s Trichrome stain in both IPF and non-IPF lung parenchyma. These latter images are not intended for quantitative analysis but to indicate the level of fibrosis, positive and negative immunostaining to contextualize the images in the rows above. Scale bars identify images with different levels of magnification.