IFT88Orpk mice develop fibrosis in periportal regions at 4 wk of age. A: picrosirius red-stained sections of liver tissue from 2- and 4-wk-old control and cilia mutant mice. B: quantification of picrosirius red-stained area (n = 3–4 mice) and hydroxyproline assay of livers from 2- and 4-wk-old mice (n = 4–5 mice). C: quantitative RT-PCR determination of TGF-β, PDGF-B, collagen types 1 and 3 (Col1a2 and Col3a1), and α-smooth muscle actin (SMA) expression in mRNA isolated from whole liver of 2- and 4-wk-old control and IFT88Orpk mice (n = 5–8). For each gene analyzed, expression levels in control mice were set to 1. RQ, relative quantification; HPRT, hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase. Values are means ± SE. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; ****P < 0.0001.